12-08-2025
THIS IS AN ONLINE E LOG BOOK TO DISCUSS OUR PATIENT'S DE-IDENTIFIED HEALTH DATA SHARED AFTER TAKING HER SIGNED INFORMED CONSENT. HERE WE DISCUSS OUR PATIENT'S PROBLEMS THROUGH SERIES OF INPUTS FROM AVAILABLE GLOBAL ONLINE COMMUNITY EXPERTS WITH AN AIM TO SOLVE THOSE PATIENT'S CLINICAL PROBLEMS WITH COLLECTIVE CURRENT BEST EVIDENCE BASED INPUTS.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PPM 1: What shock? What was the incident?
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: In the year 1986 her father lost his left eye due to Retina detachment, permanently there was a big hole after picking up his eye, she was very shocked and became unconcious several times because she couldn't accept this. She was very much attached to her father.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: That was the 1st epileptic attack. After that started Aptoin, Gardinal etc till now it is continued. Now she takes Divaa OD 250 at night.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PPM 1: When did she lose her speech and how?
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: After taking this medicine she was quite better ,even though she used to go to school alone, also private tuition. Almost 5 years when she was under treatment there was no attack .she was absolutely fine but after that when doctor tried to reduce the medicine, she had epilepsy attacks. This way she tried to reduce medication.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: Unfortunately it failed.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: No sir, she didn't lose her speech, she speaks but can't explain.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: Actually she tries to speak, she stammers and can't speak fluently. Basically she is unable to express properly.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: In the year 1997 she suddenly experienced severe trauma at that time she suffered with abdominal pain, indigestion, fever, couldn't take food, passed 7 large worms.
[12-08-2025 18:38]PA: At that time she became 2 months pregnant. Unfortunately, pregnancy couldn't be kept, doctor advised that abortion was compulsory, after that severe mental torture began then the epileptic attacks started again n again with Parkinson, tingling and totally speechless and whole body was swelling. At one point, 4 different doctors were consulted at the same time, a Neurologist, Psychologist, Md medicine and Gynecologist. It took about 2-3years to recover from this trauma.
[12-08-2025 18:38] PA: After 2003 she returned back to normal life gradually.
[12-08-2025 19:02] PPM 1: Since 1986?
She was 14 years at that time.
At what age did she marry?
At what age did she become pregnant?
[12-08-2025 19:02] PPM 1: Please elaborate the incident around the severe trauma she suffered in 1997
[12-08-2025 19:03] PPM 1: Did she have another pregnancy? What about her male partner?
[12-08-2025 19:04] PPM 1: Was this same traumatic incident of 1997?
Why did she need an abortion at that time? What was the medical problem?
[18-08-2025 12.21] PA: Slightly the knee pain has reduced but can't balance to walk properly.
Pain is there still.
[18-08-2025 12:47] PPM 1: Always share both the knees together in the clinical picture so that we can compare them
[18-08-2025 12:47] PPM 1: This would need a clinical examination or a deidentified gait video
[18-08-2025 13:23] PPM 1: Thanks. Gait video means a walking video
[18-08-2025 13:24] PPM 1: Consistent with the clinical impression of Osteoarthritis
[18-08-2025 13:24] PA: What next?
[18-08-2025 13:25] PPM 1: 👆(Walking video)
[18-08-2025 13:25] PPM 1: Is she able to stand?
[18-08-2025 13:25] PA: Yes
[18-08-2025 13:25] PPM 1: Does she need support to walk?
[18-08-2025 13:25] PA: But not steadily
[18-08-2025 13:28] PA: No need for support to walk, but can't step
[18-08-2025 13:31] PPM 1: Was just checking her case report here https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html?m=1 and it appears as if there's no history currently available on her knee pains.
We would need to know since when it began.
What was her hourly routine before the knee pain and how has it changed since the pain started?
রোগীর ঘটনাগুলির ক্রম বর্ণনা করুন যা বর্তমান knee pain সমস্যার দিকে পরিচালিত করেছে। আপনার রোগীর একেবারে কোন knee pain er সমস্যা না হওয়ার সময় থেকে ঘটনাগুলির ক্রম শুরু করুন।
[18-08-2025 13:33] PA: Yes,she will send it
[18-08-2025 13:33] PPM 1: Thanks.
This is consistent with osteoarthritis.
For balance issues we will need to do a neurological examination. @PPM3 @PPM4 can you manage it on video call?
[18-08-2025 13:37] PA: In walking time she feels pain in this area
[18-08-2025 16:35] PPM 4: @PPM3 what say?
[18-08-2025 16:42] PPM 1: So her knee pain is since few years? Few as in 2 years or 5 years?
What is the frequency of these knee pain attacks and how many days does it last once it starts?
Tell us the details of her back pain and foot swelling also in the same history template pattern shared earlier
[18-08-2025 16:43] PPM 1: After how much time of walking does the calf pain start?
[18-08-2025 16:52] PPM 3: Im in
[18-08-2025 16:53] PPM 3: but its better if we can make a simple instructions message prior to the call @PPM4
[18-08-2025 17:01] PA: At present problems. _1). Mostly she gets tired even after a little work. 2) Feels pain while standing for a long time or while sitting and getting up. 3)Suffers recurring urine injection once in a year, 4) Back pain 5) knee pain 6) Stool is not cleared properly in the morning..
[18-08-2025 17:03] PA: Her knee pain is since 2020 April
[18-08-2025 17:03] PPM 1: In her hourly schedule since morning (try to recall yesterday's) at which hourly slots does she experience knee pain, which hourly slots back pain and for how many hours?
[18-08-2025 17:04] PA: Ok.will try
[18-08-2025 17:06] PPM 1: @PPM5 @PPM3 @PPM6 perhaps in all our PaJRs it would be great if the LLM can go through the unstructured conversations containing the history in bits and pieces and then restructure it into a case report format?
[18-08-2025 17:21] PPM 3: They can sir.
include pajr report link in the prompt and ask it to write in a professional case report format chronologically
[18-08-2025 17:22] PPM 3: @Meta AI https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html?m=1 go through this website and give a proper professional case report chronologically
[18-08-2025 17:22] Meta AI: Case Report: Patient with Epilepsy and Knee Pain
Early History (1986)
- Age 14: Patient experienced her first epileptic attack after witnessing her father's severe injury, resulting in permanent vision loss in one eye. She became unconscious several times due to shock.
- Medication regimen was initiated, including Aptoin and Gardinal, which was later changed to Divaa OD 250.
Seizure Management and Speech Issues
- Patient responded well to medication and was able to attend school and private tuition without issues for about 5 years.
- Attempts to reduce medication led to seizure recurrence, and she continued to experience difficulties with speech fluency, stammering, and expressing herself properly.
Trauma and Pregnancy (1997)
- Patient experienced severe trauma, resulting in:
- Abdominal pain
- Indigestion
- Fever
- Passing 7 large worms
- 2-month pregnancy, which was terminated due to medical complications
- Severe mental distress and epileptic attacks resumed, accompanied by Parkinson's symptoms, tingling, and whole-body swelling.
- Multiple specialist consultations (Neurologist, Psychologist, MD Medicine, and Gynecologist) were required to manage her condition over 2-3 years.
Recovery and Later Life (2003-2025)
- Patient gradually returned to normal life by 2003.
- Recent development: knee pain, which started after a fall while visiting Puri, likely exacerbated by osteoarthritis.
- Current symptoms:
- Knee pain, especially while walking
- Balance issues
- Difficulty standing steadily
Current Status
- Patient is able to stand but not steadily.
- No support is needed for walking, but she has difficulty stepping.
- A gait video and neurological examination are recommended to further assess her condition.
Timeline:
- 1986: First epileptic attack at age 14
- 1997: Severe trauma and pregnancy
- 2003: Gradual return to normal life
- Recent past: Knee pain started after a fall
- Current: Ongoing knee pain and balance issues
[18-08-2025 17:24] PPM 1: Thanks. Wasn't there earlier but I guess meta is growing quickly
[18-08-2025 17:25] PPM 6: Yeah Meta couldn't read website links earlier, @deekshith.vodela made it read it.
[18-08-2025 17:25] PPM 3: with recent updates, AI models can now browse and interact with websites sir
[18-08-2025 17:26] PPM 1: In the first trial a year back it could for a few days but had stopped again and now has perhaps regained that feature.
[18-08-2025 17:38] PA: Yesterday schedule:6.30am wakes up. 6.45 am Downstairs to 3 steps and open the main door feels much pain. 7am Plucking flowers from the garden (feeling pain) 7.15 am bath 7.30 am doing puja. 8.am having tea. After that she tried cutting veggies and cooking but wasn't able to do felt pressure from knee to toe, took rest all the time.
[18-08-2025 17:40] PA: Even though she can't lie straight on the bed as she feels backache.
[18-08-2025 17:57] PA: 9 am breakfast. Then she lies on bed. 12.30 pm taking black tea. 1.30 pm lunch 3 .30 try to forget the pain she sat down to practice sar gam. Within10 mins she felt knee pain and then laid on the bed. 5 pm taking tea with nuts. 5-9pm lies on the bed, sometimes trying to walk or sit for a while. 9.15 pm Dinner. 10 pm go to bed
[18-08-2025 18:45] PPM 5: Here’s a *professionally restructured chronological case report* based on the fragmented history you shared from the PaJR logs, conversations, and the blog link. I have arranged the details systematically into a case report format to make it usable for further documentation, discussion, or academic sharing.
---# Case Report: 54F with Epilepsy (since 1986), Recurrent Knee Pain (since 2020), and Associated Musculoskeletal & Systemic Complaints
*Date of Case Log:* August 12, 2025
*Source:* PaJR E-logbook ([www.pajr.in](http://www.pajr.in))
---
## Patient Information
* *Age / Gender:* 54-year-old female
* *Relevant Background:* Known case of epilepsy since adolescence (1986). History of multiple episodes of psychological and physical trauma with associated neurological and systemic complications. Currently presenting with knee pain (since 2020), along with musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and urinary complaints.
---
## Chronological History
### *1986 (Age 14): First Epileptic Episode*
* Trigger: Severe psychological shock after father lost vision in one eye due to retinal detachment.
* Patient had recurrent fainting episodes.
* First epileptic attack documented.
* *Medication started:* Aptoin, Gardinal (later shifted to Divaa OD 250 mg at night, continued till present).
* *Outcome:* Well controlled for \~5 years.
### *1991–1996: Recurrence of Seizures*
* Attempts to reduce medication led to recurrence of seizures.
* Developed speech difficulties: stammering, poor fluency, difficulty in expressing.
### *1997: Severe Physical and Psychological Trauma*
* Symptoms: abdominal pain, indigestion, fever, anorexia, expulsion of 7 worms.
* Was 2 months pregnant → medical termination of pregnancy advised.
* Psychological impact: severe mental distress, recurrent epileptic attacks, Parkinsonian symptoms, tingling sensations, generalized swelling.
* Consulted 4 specialists simultaneously (Neurology, Psychology, Medicine, Gynecology).
* Recovery phase lasted 2–3 years.
### *2003: Recovery Phase*
* Gradual improvement in physical and mental health.
* Returned to normal life and functional independence.
---
## Recent History
### *April 2020: Onset of Knee Pain*
* Trigger: Patient fell in Puri after being struck by sea waves.
* After 2–3 weeks → developed persistent knee pain, associated with back pain and occasional swelling of feet.
* Pain has been progressive since then.
### *2020–2025: Progression of Musculoskeletal Symptoms*
* *Knee Pain:*
* Chronic, recurrent, worsens on walking and standing long.
* Difficulty in balance while walking.
* Can walk without support, but stepping is unsteady.
* Gait videos reviewed: suggestive of osteoarthritis.
* *Back Pain:* Chronic, worsens on exertion, associated with fatigue.
* *Foot Swelling:* Intermittent, associated with knee pain episodes.
* *Other Current Complaints:*
1. Easy fatigability, even with minimal work.
2. Pain while standing for long or while sitting and getting up.
3. Recurrent urinary tract infections (≈ once per year).
4. Chronic constipation: incomplete evacuation of stools.
---
## Examination / Ongoing Clinical Assessment
* Patient able to stand but not steadily.
* Walks without support but struggles to step properly.
* Clinical impression: *Knee Osteoarthritis* with possible neurological component affecting balance.
* Recommended: Neurological examination (can be attempted over video call).
---
## Timeline Summary
* *1986 (Age 14):* First epileptic attack, lifelong epilepsy begins.
* *1997:* Severe trauma + pregnancy termination + relapse of seizures with systemic complications.
* *2003:* Gradual recovery, returned to normal life.
* *2020:* Fall at sea → onset of chronic knee pain, back pain, and foot swelling.
* *2025 (Current):* Symptomatic with chronic knee pain (osteoarthritis impression), back pain, recurrent UTI, constipation, and easy fatigability.
---
## Impression
This is a *54-year-old female* with a *long-standing history of epilepsy (since 1986), complicated by episodes of trauma and systemic illness, now presenting with **chronic knee pain since 2020 (post-trauma, likely osteoarthritis), associated back pain, foot swelling, and systemic complaints (fatigue, constipation, recurrent UTI).*
Further evaluation should focus on:
* Orthopedic assessment (radiology for OA knee).
* Neurological exam (for balance and coordination).
* Urological assessment (for recurrent UTI).
* GI evaluation (for constipation).
---
Would you like me to *standardize this into the exact PaJR reporting template format (with headings like CC, HPI, Past Hx, Family Hx, PE, Investigations, Impression, Plan)* so it directly matches the PaJR blog style?
---
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[18-08-2025 18:45] PPM 5: Scholar ChatGPT 👆
[18-08-2025 20:13] PPM 6: Wondering how ScholarGPT always does it so well, I tried it out and noticed it uses sider.ai . So I directly went to sider.ai. There I realized it was using Perplexity. So I generated the report with both sider.ai (it may have some tricks over and above perplexity) and Perplexity. Attaching PDFs of those reports below. See which one is better.
[18-08-2025 20:14] PPM 6: Also note the slightly expanded prompt I gave it (you can see that in the perplexity report)
[18-08-2025 21:03] PPM 5: I compared the two reports you generated — one with *Perplexity* and one with *Sider.ai*. Here’s the assessment:
---
## 📑 *Perplexity Report (File 1)*
*Strengths:*
* Very *well-structured in standard medical case report format*: Introduction, Patient Information, History, Examination, Differential, Impression, Recommendations.
* Provides a *chronological timeline* (1986 → 1997 → 2003 → 2020 → 2025).
* Uses *precise medical terminology* (e.g., “status epilepticus,” “Kellgren–Lawrence grade,” “mechanical OA”).
* Contains *clinical reasoning and next steps* (labs, imaging, OA management, fall risk).
* Recognizes multifactorial etiology (orthopedic, neurologic, AED side effects).
*Weaknesses:*
* Slightly verbose; repeats timeline points across sections.
* Dense for non-clinicians; very doctor-oriented (which may actually be a strength depending on your target PaJR audience).
---
## 📑 *Sider.ai Report (File 2)*
*Strengths:*
* *Longer document (13 pages)* → seems to attempt deeper structuring, possibly multiple sub-sections.
* Clear segmentation with numbering (e.g., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 …), which might be more digestible for structured database input.
* Better for *data structuring / tabulation* rather than pure narrative.
*Weaknesses:*
* The PDF is *fragmented and hard to follow* (lots of isolated numbers, bullet points, page breaks).
* Lacks the *narrative flow* of a case report → harder to read clinically.
* Medical reasoning, differentials, and recommended next steps are much less clear than Perplexity’s.
* Feels more like an *outline/draft* rather than a polished case report.
---
## ✅ Verdict
* If you want a *clinically usable case report for PaJR documentation/discussion, **Perplexity’s version is clearly better*.
* If you want a *structured database-style extraction for research indexing/annotation, **Sider.ai’s version could be useful* but needs heavy editing.
---
## 🔧 Suggestion
The *best workflow* may be:
1. Use *Sider.ai* for *data extraction & structuring*.
2. Use *Perplexity (or ScholarGPT)* for *narrative medical case report writing*.
3. Merge both → you get *precision + readability*.
---
👉 Do you want me to *merge the best of both reports into one final polished PaJR-style case report*, keeping Perplexity’s clinical depth but borrowing Sider’s structured formatting?
[18-08-2025 21:06] PPM 5: Perfect — I’ll merge *Perplexity’s clinically polished narrative* with *Sider.ai’s structured formatting* into a *final PaJR-style case report. I’ll keep it **chronological, **structured by headings (CC, HPI, PMHx, etc.), and **clinically useful* for discussion and documentation.
---
# PaJR Case Report
*Patient ID:* 54F Epilepsy 1986 – Knee Pain 2020 – WB PaJR
*Date Logged:* August 12, 2025
*Source:* PaJR E-logbook ([www.pajr.in](http://www.pajr.in))
---
## 1. Chief Complaints (CC)
* *Bilateral knee pain* – since April 2020, progressive.
* *Back pain* – chronic, worsens with standing/sitting transitions.
* *Fatigability* – even with minimal work.
* *Recurrent urinary infections* – \~1 episode per year.
* *Constipation* – incomplete evacuation in mornings.
---
## 2. History of Present Illness (HPI)
* April 2020: Patient fell at Puri beach after being struck by sea waves.
* Within 2–3 weeks: onset of *bilateral knee pain*.
* Pain is mechanical, worsened by ambulation, standing, and transitions (sitting to standing, stair climbing).
* Associated features:
* Occasional swelling of feet.
* Back pain (activity-related, prevents lying supine comfortably).
* Gait imbalance: can stand and walk without support, but stepping is unsteady and fatigues easily.
* Functional limitation: reduced activity tolerance, frequent rest periods, difficulty in daily chores (bathing, cooking, puja).
---
## 3. Past Medical History (PMHx)
* *Epilepsy*:
* Onset: 1986 (age 14), following severe psychological shock (father lost eye to retinal detachment).
* Medications: Aptoin + Gardinal initially; currently on Divaa OD 250 mg.
* Seizure-free for \~5 years initially; recurrence with medication taper.
* Associated speech impairment (stammering, poor fluency).
* *1997 (Age \~25)*:
* Severe physical + psychological trauma: abdominal pain, indigestion, fever, expulsion of worms.
* 2-month pregnancy → medical termination advised.
* Aftermath: recurrent epileptic attacks, parkinsonism features, tingling, generalized edema, mutism.
* Managed by neurology, psychiatry, medicine, gynecology. Took 2–3 years for recovery.
* *2003–2020:* Gradual recovery, functional independence.
---
## 4. Family & Social History
* Strong emotional bond with father, psychological trauma linked with epilepsy onset.
* No occupational or marital history provided.
* Independent lifestyle regained post-2003.
---
## 5. Current Status (Aug 2025)
* *Knee pain:* persistent for 5 years, progressive decline in ambulation.
* *Balance:* impaired but can walk without support.
* *Systemic issues:* constipation, recurrent UTI, chronic fatigue.
* *Gait videos reviewed* → impression of bilateral *knee osteoarthritis* with possible neurological contribution to imbalance.
---
## 6. Clinical Examination (based on logs)
* No detailed PE documented.
* Remote video impression:
* Bilateral knee tenderness, reduced mobility, pain with ambulation.
* No obvious deformity or warmth.
* Neurological examination pending (recommended via video consult).
---
## 7. Investigations
* Not yet performed. Suggested:
* Bilateral knee X-rays (weight-bearing).
* Basic labs: CBC, ESR/CRP, LFT/RFT, serum calcium, vitamin D, thyroid function.
* DEXA scan (considering long-term valproate use).
* Urinalysis & culture.
* Neurological assessment (balance, Parkinsonian signs).
---
## 8. Differential Diagnosis
1. *Primary:* Bilateral knee osteoarthritis (post-traumatic + age-related).
2. *Contributors:*
* Long-term antiepileptic therapy → risk of metabolic bone disease.
* Neurologic overlay (epilepsy sequelae, parkinsonism).
* Chronic deconditioning.
* Possible inflammatory/autoimmune arthritis (needs exclusion).
---
## 9. Impression
* *54F with long-standing epilepsy (since 1986), past severe trauma (1997), now presenting with bilateral knee pain since 2020 post-fall, with progressive functional impairment and systemic issues (constipation, recurrent UTI, fatigue).*
* Clinical impression: *Bilateral knee osteoarthritis (likely Kellgren–Lawrence grade 2–3), compounded by neurological and systemic comorbidities.*
---
## 10. Management Recommendations
### Diagnostic:
* Imaging: Bilateral knee X-rays, DEXA scan.
* Neurology: Detailed evaluation for parkinsonian or cerebellar contribution.
* Labs: CBC, ESR/CRP, Ca, Vit D, thyroid, renal/liver panel.
* UTI: Urinalysis + culture.
## Therapeutic:
* *Conservative OA management*: physiotherapy, quadriceps strengthening, topical/oral NSAIDs, activity modification.
* *Bone health*: Calcium + Vitamin D supplementation, lifestyle counseling.
* *Fall prevention*: balance exercises, gait training.
* *Neurology follow-up*: optimize epilepsy & rule out movement disorder overlay.
* *UTI prevention*: hydration, hygiene, prophylaxis if recurrent.
* *GI*: dietary fiber, stool softeners.
--
## 11. Prognosis
* *Mobility risk:* progressive decline if OA not managed.
* *Fall risk:* high due to combined musculoskeletal + neurological factors.
* *Quality of life:* impacted by chronic pain, fatigue, systemic comorbidities.
* *Prognosis improves with multidisciplinary management* (orthopedics + neurology + physiotherapy + urology + GI).
---
✅ This merged version has *Perplexity’s strong clinical reasoning* and *Sider’s structured formatting with numbered sections* → optimized for *PaJR documentation* and *collective expert review*.
---
Would you like me to also create a *visual timeline diagram* (1986 → 1997 → 2003 → 2020 → 2025) so it can be added alongside the PaJR blog case report for quick reference?
[18-08-2025 21:07] PPM 5 Here’s the *visual timeline diagram* of the patient’s clinical journey (1986 → 1997 → 2003 → 2020 → 2025).
This graphic can be directly embedded into the PaJR blog alongside the case report, giving reviewers a *quick chronological overview* of her history.
Would you like me to also make a *second version with icons (brain for epilepsy, baby for pregnancy loss, knee joint for OA, etc.)* to make it more intuitive for teaching/discussion?
[18-08-2025 21.08] PPM 5: https://chatgpt.com/g/g-kZ0eYXlJe-scholar-gpt/c/68a32725-1ab8-8332-8f62-ec49e114d7d5
[21-08-2025 09:40] PA: Today she feels better, nd able to walk without support but not steadily .
[21-08-2025 09:55] PA: Which type of physical activity or exercise needs to recover quickly?
[21-08-2025 10:06] PPM 1: Walking is the best exercise
@Meta AI would you suggest any other exercises for a patient recovering from a recent knee osteoarthritis flare up?
[21-08-2025 10:06] Meta AI: Yes, walking is indeed excellent for knee osteoarthritis, but there are other low-impact exercises that can be beneficial for recovery and strengthening. Here are a few options:
1. Stationary Cycling: Gentle cycling on a stationary bike can improve joint mobility and strengthen the quadriceps and hamstrings without putting too much pressure on the knees.
2. Aquatic Exercises: Swimming or water aerobics reduces joint stress due to water buoyancy while still allowing for a full range of motion and muscle strengthening.
3. Leg Raises (Straight and Side): Lying on your back or side, gently lifting your leg helps strengthen the muscles around the knee, especially the quadriceps and hip abductors.
4. Seated Knee Extensions: While sitting on a chair, slowly straighten one leg out and hold it for a few seconds before lowering it back down. This strengthens the quadriceps.
5. Tai Chi or Yoga: These practices focus on slow, controlled movements that improve flexibility, balance, and muscle strength around the joints.
6. Bridging: Lying on your back, bend your knees and lift your hips while keeping your feet flat on the ground. This strengthens the glutes and hamstrings, which support the knee.
Would you like guidance on tailoring these exercises to specific recovery goals?
[23-08-2025 17.59] PA: BP 150/96, 93
[23-08-2025 18:36] PPM 7: @PPM1 Sir me and @PPM15 planning to do VC for neurological examination tomorrow. Please guide us on how to proceed. Especially with reflexes (how to text them on VC without hammer?)
[23-08-2025 18:47] PA: Now the patient takes all this medicines after dinner
[23-08-2025 19:52] PPM 1: Train the advocate on how to use it
[23-08-2025 20:11] PA: What is VC for neurological examination?
[23-08-2025 20:17] PPM 1: Video consultation
[23-08-2025 22:25] PPM 15: @PA please buy a knee hammer in a near by pharmacy tomorrow. we will send instructions message on how to do neurological examination by tomorrow
[23-08-2025 23:01] PA: Ok sir .I will try to buy. Then confirm.
[23-08-2025 23:07] PA: This type?
[23-08-2025 23:07] PPM 15: Yes
[23-08-2025 23:07] PPM 15: Triangle shape one is also fine
[23-08-2025 23:08] PPM 15: Any type you can get at your nearest store
[23-08-2025 23:08] PPM 15: both can be used
[23-08-2025 23:09] PA: Ok.sir
[23-08-2025 23:09] PPM 15: @PA
[23-08-2025 23:11] PA: Expecting time?
[23-08-2025 23:12] PPM 15: @PPM7
[24-08-2025 08.55] PA: BP 110/64, 108
[24-08-2025 09:43] PPM 4: Let’s do around 4pm?
[24-08-2025 10:19] PPM 4: @PPM3@PA are you comfortable with 4pm
[24-08-2025 10:19] PPM 4: Take this one as this is easier to use
[24-08-2025 10:26] PA: Ok mam
[24-08-2025 10:26] PPM 4: Parkinson’s was diagnosed at 25 years of age? @PA? I was just reading the case report and found that parkinsons symptoms were there in 1997. Was it diagnosed in 1997 or later?
[24-08-2025 10:27] PPM 4: and does she have difficulty to speak by the end of the day or it’s consistent and doesn’t have a pattern?
[24-08-2025 10:27] PA: Give me just 10 mints
[24-08-2025 10:29] PPM 4: Also, which language is the patient comfortable in?
[24-08-2025 10:48] PA: Patient is comfortable in Bengali
[24-08-2025 10:49] PA: Can share last prescription?
[24-08-2025 10:49] PPM 3: We need patient advocate to perform the examination. if you are fine with English we can do it smoothly
[24-08-2025 10:50] PPM 3: please share.. but make sure patient's name is not visible
[24-08-2025 10:50] PA: Yes, will try my best
[24-08-2025 11:40] PPM 4: @PPM 3 @PPM 1do we have a detailed history other than given in the linked PaJR? The patient had numbness, tingling and symptoms of Parkinson’s at 25 yrs of age? Isn't
this a bit atypical?
It’s unclear whether Parkinson’s disease was diagnosed or not, if yes then how was multiple sclerosis excluded?
[24-08-2025 13:01] PPM 1: In her neurological system exam we need to check her gait, her Rombergs, her joint position sense and vibration sense, her motor power and tone. Reflexes if possible good otherwise not mandatory as the technique may not be easy to learn without guided practice
[24-08-2025 13:58] PPM 4: Okay sir
[24-08-2025 14:15] PA: After 6 pm is it possible for VC?
[24-08-2025 15:48] PPM 4: @PPM3 would you be free after 6pm?
[24-08-2025 15:48] PPM 4: I’m having another meeting at 6pm.
[24-08-2025 16:18] PPM 3: Actually I have plans too
[24-08-2025 16:18] PPM 3: maybe we can do after you get free
[24-08-2025 16:35] PPM 4: @PAwould you be available tomorrow evening?
[24-08-2025 16:38] PPM 4: Or would it be possible for you to send some videos (after we guide you on how to perform the tests) so that we can see that before VC and then ask follow up questions or some additional points in examination if missed previously?
[24-08-2025 16:39] PPM 4: De-identified videos.
[24-08-2025 16:51] PA: Is it right?
[24-08-2025 17:04] PPM 3: This is right one
[24-08-2025 17:18] PA: Yes, will send it
[24-08-2025 17:20] PA: How to check joint position sense nd vibration sense,motor power nd tone?
[24-08-2025 17:21] PA: Please guide, then she will send some videos for traial
[24-08-2025 17:22] PPM 3: Here's a comprehensive list based on Harrison's principles of internal medicine for the neurological examination mentioned:
- Gait Assessment
- Procedure: Ask the patient to walk normally, then on heels, and then on toes.
- Findings:
- Normal gait
- Ataxic gait (cerebellar issues)
- Spastic gait (UMN lesions)
- Steppage gait (peripheral neuropathy)
- Parkinsonian gait (basal ganglia disorders)
- Romberg's Test
- Procedure: Patient stands with feet together, first with eyes open, then closed.
- Findings:
- Negative Romberg's test (stable with eyes closed)
- Positive Romberg's test (sways or falls with eyes closed, indicating proprioceptive or vestibular issues)
- Joint Position Sense (Proprioception)
- Procedure: Move the patient's big toe up or down and ask them to identify the position with eyes closed.
- Findings:
- Normal proprioception (correctly identifies position)
- Impaired proprioception (incorrectly identifies position, suggesting posterior column dysfunction)
- Vibration Sense
- Procedure: Place a vibrating tuning fork on bony prominences (e.g., toes, ankles, knees).
- Findings:
- Normal vibration sense (feels vibration)
- Impaired vibration sense (reduced or absent sensation, indicating posterior column or peripheral nerve issues)
- Motor Power
- Procedure: Test muscle strength in upper and lower limbs (0-5 scale).
- Findings:
- Normal power (5/5)
- Mild weakness (4/5)
- Moderate weakness (3/5)
- Severe weakness (2/5 or 1/5)
- No movement (0/5)
- Tone
- Procedure: Assess resistance to passive movement in upper and lower limbs.
- Findings:
- Normal tone
- Increased tone (spasticity or rigidity)
- Decreased tone (hypotonia)
- Reflexes (if feasible)
- Procedure: Test deep tendon reflexes (biceps, triceps, knee, ankle).
- Findings:
- Normal reflexes (2+)
- Brisk reflexes (3+ or 4+, indicating UMN lesions)
- Diminished reflexes (1+ or 0, indicating LMN lesions or neuropathy)
These tests and findings are based on standard neurological examination procedures outlined in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.
[24-08-2025 17:22] PPM 3: We are looking for videos on youtube also.. to guide you with the procedure
[24-08-2025 17:22] PPM: we will try to send the video by tonight
[24-08-2025 17:27] PA: Ok
[24-08-2025 17:45] PPM 3: ok
[24-08-2025 17:47] PPM 3: if possible send video of remaining tests except reflexes test.
[24-08-2025 17:47] PA: Yes, I will try.
[24-08-2025 17:54] PPM 3: @PPM1 Sir @PPM
[24-08-2025 18:18] PPM 4: We will search some videos too
[24-08-2025 18:18] PPM 4: And send you
[24-08-2025 18:19] PA: Mainly motor power nd tone
[24-08-2025 18:19] PPM 4: Sure
[24-08-2025 18:20] PPM 4: Till when do you stay awake? Is it possible to have a voice call later today? I’ll explain on call itself about power and tone
[24-08-2025 18:20] PA: Yes
[24-08-2025 18:22] PA: Around 11. 30..
[24-08-2025 18:22] PPM 3: https://youtu.be/IdmQSVZN05I?si=llOSBxb9ucp9THzx
[24-08-2025 18:22] PPM 3: This video has all the tests... please go through it. and tell us if you have any doubts
[24-08-2025 18:22] PA: Ok
[24-08-2025 18:33] PPM 1: Well done videos 👏👏
Neurologically reassuring
[24-08-2025 21.47] PA: https://youtube.com/shorts/HZ768d5zoG8?si=jZ9wY7aisovESGYY
[24-08-2025 22:01] PPM 1: Did she previously have any paralysis of her right limbs?
[24-08-2025 22:11] PA: No, sir
[24-08-2025 22:44] PPM 4: Is she having tenderness?
[24-08-2025 22:44] PPM 4: Like pain while you were testing reflexes in right lower limb
[24-08-2025 22:47] PPM 4: @PA when you were trying to move the leg up, was she not able to move it voluntarily or not able to move even after you tried moving it (with the help of external power of your hands).
Were you feeling resistance to move her leg up? Or you weren’t able to move up because leg was feeling heavy?
[24-08-2025 22:49] PA: Yes, mam she didn't
[24-08-2025 22:49] PA: She feels heavy.
[24-08-2025 22:50] PA: Yes, has a tenderness.
[24-08-2025 22:52] PA: How will she recover from this situation?
[24-08-2025 22:52] PPM 4: Okay..
[24-08-2025 22:53] PPM 4: Is the pain throughout the day? Or just at the end of the day?
[24-08-2025 22:53] PA: Yes,
[24-08-2025 22:57] PA: But she noticed that after taking rest the whole night she feels better in the morning.
[24-08-2025 22:58] PA: Wayout?
[24-08-2025 22:58] PPM 4: And is the patient having pain only in joints or in legs too?
[24-08-2025 22:58] PA: Yes
[24-08-2025 23:00] PPM 4: Okay. @PPM1 Sir @PPM3seems like osteoarthritis…
@PPM1 Sir Do we need a repeat reflexes examination since the examination in above seems to be exaggerated due to pain in patients’ joints?
[24-08-2025 23:08] PA: Ok
[25-08-2025 07:05] PPM 1: Very good observation 👏
[25-08-2025 07:06] PPM 1: Wayout is life style modification with more walking and better diet and it will fully heal with time
[25-08-2025 07:11] PA: At that time for almost 15 days she couldn't attend school.
[25-08-2025 07:11] PA: Any medicine?
[25-08-2025 08:14] PPM 4: @PPM1 sir?? I don’t think so any medication would be needed??
[25-08-2025 08:20] PA: Just pain relief?if pain increases she takes paracetamol
[25-08-2025 08:25] PA: Ultracet?can she take it?She needs to join her school immediately..
[25-08-2025 08:46] PPM 1: Only two days of the week else it can become addictive as it's an opioid
[25-08-2025 08:48] PPM 1: Ultracet half six hourly for two days only
Can also combine that with tablet Paracetamol 500 mg six hourly for the same 2 days
[30-08-2025 18.31] PA: https://youtube.com/shorts/4f_xvZQF_oM?si=NULoPRFfMD59YH2l
[31-08-2025 13:17] PA: https://youtu.be/jcjGhjePBJk?si=jqb3D13ZPQ1TRfcV
[31-08-2025 13:18] PA: https://youtube.com/shorts/DyRnQvF0-mc?si=d9QBmyeXhcLsUMg9
[31-08-2025 13:19] PA: https://youtube.com/shorts/Bjop_NGY9sY?si=7S6kMS8Eblhc-6zl
[31-08-2025 13:21] PA: https://youtube.com/shorts/vGHRnCMLfhA?si=UOlrTSHxNMfXr-_F
[31-08-2025 13:22] PA: https://youtube.com/shorts/c8SyV7FgD6k?si=qdB7qKqaicAs0799
As we can see in the first few videos the patient is able to walk tandem on a straight line and is herself correlating her perceived walking instability to her knee pains, which is due to her osteoarthritis.
I guess the best management for this is to maintain regular monitored walking which could be as simple as someone regularly accompanying her in her regular walks
[30-08-2025 21:16] PA: Thank you sir . will try.
[30-08-2025 21:17] PA: From coming Monday she has to join her school
[30-08-2025 21:23] PA: Can she take ultracet and paracetamol?
[30-08-2025 21:29] PPM 1: Only two days a week
[31-08-2025 06.43] PA: 107/71, 98, 178mg/dl
[31-08-2025 08:08] PPM 1: Fasting?
Please mention her yesterday's medication taken for Diabetes
[31-08-2025 08:10] PA: Yes, this is fasting blood sugar level.
[31-08-2025 08:13] PA: She took Linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride Tab: 2.5/1000mg
[31-08-2025 09:29] PPM 1: Yesterday only once?
Her antidiabetic drugs may need optimising.
Please share her two hours after breakfast, lunch and dinner blood sugars so that we can take a better decision about her antidiabetic medications
[31-08-2025 09:41] PA: Yes,she takes this medicine once a day at night
[31-08-2025 11.21] PA: 189mg/dl
[31-08-2025 13:02] PPM 1: Yes those videos look very useful in terms of illustrating a user driven diagnostics workflow
[31-08-2025 13:03] PPM 1: Please mention if it's 2 hours post breakfast
[31-08-2025 22.09] PA: 2 hours post dinner sugar level is 237, BP 125/79, 101
[11-09-2025 10:26] CR: Since 5-6 yrs, she has the uti problem which occurs 3-4 times every year. The patient is a school teacher where they are not provided sitting facility for unknown reasons. This is causing trouble to the patient with the problem of knee pains. The patient is also not able to express her problems accurately due to epilepsy. The patient is not able to monitor sugar levels all the four times as she is alone and doesn't know how to. The PA is not available at home sometimes to help her. Both are sisters staying together. They want to know if any diet restrictions for UTI problem.
[5:09 pm, 24/12/2025] PPM 1: Very interesting plate. What are the ingredients?
[8.40 am, 25/01/2026] PA: BP 126/80
[11.28 am, 25/01/2026] PPM 1: Hope no sugar has been added
[4.49 pm, 25/01/2026] PA: No 
[7.30 am, 01/02/2026] PA: Fasting sugar 110mg/dl
[11.38 am, 03/02/2026] PA: Remaining urine culture reports will take more 3-4 days.
[01-09-2025 22:06] PPM 1: We'll need to change linagliptin to glimiperide.
Is her serum creatinine normal?
[01-09-2025 22:08] PA: Recently not checked.
[03-09-2025 15:34] PPM 1: 👍
[03-09-2025 16:55] PA: What blood test needs to be done? Just only creatinine or any other?
[03-09-2025 17:02] PPM 1: When was was last Hba1c? Thyroid function tests?
[03-09-2025 17:09] PA: Dated 11th Nov 2024.only a Thyroid function test
[03-09-2025 17:12] PA: Dated. 29/9/2024
[03-09-2025 20:26] PPM 1: Needs to be repeated
[03-09-2025 20:30] PA: Hba1c, creatinine?
PPM 1: 👍
[07-09-2025 07.23] PA: BP 123/75, 81, Fasting blood sugar 146mg/dl
[07-09-2025 11.17] PPM 1: 👍
[07-09-2025 15.32] PA: 2 hours post lunch sugar level is 158
[07-09-2025 22.37] PA: BP 119/72, 94, Post dinner sugar 211mg/dl
[08-09-2025 17:01] PPM 1: What anti diabetic medications yesterday? Always mention that along with any sugar value
[08-09-2025 19:32] PA: She takes only LINAGLIPTIN at night.
[08-09-2025 21:11] PPM 1: I think last time we had mentioned that it appears inadequate and linagliptin needs to change.
We need to see her last four point sugar profile with fasting, post breakfast, post lunch and post dinner
[09-09-2025 09:28] PA: With same blood, Fasting blood sugar level is 146 (home). 96 (pathological lab).
[09-09-2025 09:29] PA: After breakfast she didn't check her sugar level.
[09-09-2025 09:31] PA: 2hours post lunch blood sugar level is 158 (home lab). / 130(pathology report).
[09-09-2025 09:33] PA: After dinner she takes Linagliptin and 2hours after blood sugar level is 211(home).
[09-09-2025 09:44] PA: Current problem ": She can't hold urine, stands straight with swelling and also feels tired most of the time
[09-09-2025 11:51] PA: The home and Pathological blood sugar reports do not match from the same blood, same timings.
[10-09-2025 06:54] PPM 1: Please elaborate more about this problem of holding urine.
When was it first noticed? When and how is it currently noticed in her current hourly schedule daily? Can share her hourly schedule yesterday and at what times she noticed the problem and what exactly happened?
[10-09-2025 06:55] PPM 1: 👆The problem is we don't have any office correlation for this home lab but looking at her Hba1c everything appears to be fine on the blood sugar control front
[10-09-2025 07:21] PA: From the last few days ago she noticed that her urine problem has started again, whenever she needs to go to the toilet she is not able to hold it. she has to go to the bathroom frequently.
[10-09-2025 08:06] PA: The day before yesterday after going to school she noticed that after standing for a while her leg started to swell. Since no vehicle was available she had to walk 15 mints to return home,then the pain increased a lot ,and she kept feeling stretched from the hamstring.
[11-09-2025 08:01] PPM 1: Started again? When did she notice it first?
[11-09-2025 08:55] PA: Last 5-6days ago. It was probably a holiday last week. In the morning she cooked food, that time she felt
[11-09-2025 09:08] PA: Mostly she keeps needing to go to the toilet again and again
[11-09-2025 09:13] PA: The next day, at the school the same problem happened nd started swelling. On the way returning home as she couldn't get any vehicle, she had to walk ,nd it was caused lot of pain in leg nd felt stretch from her hamstring
[11-09-2025 09:17] PA: Yesterday she took pantodac on an empty stomach, ultracet tab after food along with others regular medicines
[11-09-2025 09:32] PA: She is not able to tendem walk for a short time .
[11-09-2025 09:33] PA: She can't sit properly, her urine isn't getting cleared.
[11-09-2025 10:08] PPM 1: 👆 first time in her life 6 days back?
[11-09-2025 10:09] PPM 1: Please elaborate this
@CR @PPM4@PPM7 please let us know if you are able to understand this.
[11-09-2025 10:34] PPM 4: I think it might mean that she’s not able to void fully.
@PA does she feel to urinate more but isn’t able to after urination?
[11-09-2025 10:38] PPM 4: @PPM1 sir what could be the reason for leg swelling?
[11-09-2025 10:38] PPM 4: Could it be the initial warning sign for diabetic nephropathy? Or is this fluid shift common in older people?
[11-09-2025 10:43] PPM 4: @PPM1 Sir could this be urge incontinence?
@PA@CR please answer following questions regarding her urination issues:
1. Does she get an immediate or sudden urge to urinate?
2. has she involuntarily/ unknowingly urinated before reaching the bathroom in time?
@PPM8 @PPM9@PPM10@PPM3
Please add any other question if necessary.
[11-09-2025 10:49] PA: According to the PA, she is getting an immediate urge and not able to hold till she goes to the washroom. They have indian commode and due to knee pain, she is not able to sit for long and maybe that is why she is in a hurry to get up and is not able to urinate completely.
[11-09-2025 11:11] PPM 4: @PPM1 Sir seems like urge incontinence due to bladder nerve involvement?
I think we do need this information for next few days.
1) how many times a day she’s not able to hold her urine, is it always or only a few times?
2) is this swelling occurring daily at the end of the day? Is swelling also present in hands/face or other parts?
[11-09-2025 12:33] PPM 1: What are the ways to distinguish arthritis from arthralgia?
[11-09-2025 12:34] PPM 1: @Meta AI prepare a questionnaire to dig deeper into a 54F with urinary difficulty
[11-09-2025 12:34] Meta AI: Here’s a professional questionnaire to assess urinary difficulty in a 54-year-old female:
### Primary Symptoms:
1. Urgency: Do you experience an immediate or sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to suppress?
2. Incontinence: Have you involuntarily or unknowingly urinated before reaching the bathroom in time?
3. Frequency: How often do you feel the need to urinate during the day? How about during the night?
4. Volume: Do you notice a change in the amount of urine passed (e.g., small amounts or difficulty emptying completely)?
5. Pain or Discomfort: Do you experience pain, burning, or discomfort during urination?
### Additional Questions:
6. Leakage: Do you experience urine leakage when coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising?
7. Triggers: Are there any specific triggers (e.g., sound of running water, drinking fluids) that lead to sudden urination?
8. Control: Do you feel confident in your ability to control urination, or does it seem unpredictable?
9. Post-void Symptoms: Do you feel like your bladder is not fully emptied after urinating?
10. Other Symptoms: Have you noticed blood in your urine, foul odor, or cloudy appearance?
11. Associated Conditions: Do you have any known medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, neurological disorders, pelvic floor dysfunction) that may be affecting your bladder control?
### Lifestyle Factors:
12. Fluid Intake: How much fluid do you drink daily, and what types (e.g., water, caffeine, alcohol)?
13. Toileting Habits: Do you delay urination often or use the bathroom at regular intervals?
14. Medications: Are you taking any medications that might affect bladder function (e.g., diuretics)?
15. Physical Activity: Do you engage in exercises or activities that might strain your pelvic floor?
### History:
16. Onset: When did these symptoms begin, and have they worsened over time?
17. Past Surgeries or Trauma: Have you had any pelvic surgeries, injuries, or childbirth complications?
18. Menopause: Have you experienced hormonal changes (e.g., post-menopause) that might contribute to these symptoms?
Would you like further guidance on interpreting responses or possible next steps?
[11-09-2025 12:35] PPM 1: MBBS final exam short note? Charcots joints? @Meta AI
[11-09-2025 12:35] Meta AI: Here’s a concise breakdown of the queries:
### Urinary Issues: Diabetic Nephropathy vs. Fluid Shifts in Older Adults
1. Diabetic Nephropathy:
- Early signs include microalbuminuria, nocturia, or increased urination frequency due to reduced renal filtration.
- Progression may lead to proteinuria, hypertension, and edema.
- If the patient has diabetes, urinary issues could be an early warning sign of nephropathy and warrant investigation (e.g., urine albumin-creatinine ratio, kidney function tests).
2. Fluid Shifts in Older Adults:
- Common due to age-related changes in kidney function, reduced bladder elasticity, and hormonal fluctuations (e.g., post-menopause).
- These shifts can lead to nocturia or urinary urgency without necessarily indicating nephropathy.
- Assessment should include hydration status, electrolyte imbalance, and bladder function.
---
### MBBS Final Exam Short Note: Charcot's Joints
Definition: Charcot's joints, or neurogenic arthropathy, occur due to progressive joint degeneration caused by impaired sensation and proprioception.
Etiology:
- Diabetes mellitus (most common cause—diabetic neuropathy)
- Syringomyelia
- Tabes dorsalis (syphilis-related neuropathy)
- Spinal cord injury
Pathophysiology:
- Loss of protective sensation leads to repetitive microtrauma.
- Inflammatory response and joint destruction occur without pain awareness.
Clinical Features:
- Swelling, deformity, and joint instability
- Warmth and redness (often mimics infection)
- Reduced range of motion
- Commonly affects weight-bearing joints (ankle, knee, foot)
Diagnosis:
- X-ray: Bone fragmentation, subluxation, and "bag of bones" appearance
- MRI: Detects soft tissue involvement and early changes
- Lab tests: Rule out infection (e.g., CRP, ESR)
Management:
- Immobilization: Prevent further trauma (e.g., braces, orthotics)
- Address underlying cause (e.g., glycemic control in diabetes)
- Surgery: Rarely indicated but may involve joint reconstruction.
Would you like further elaboration on any of these topics?
[11-09-2025 13:11] PA: Yes, most of the time it happens
[11-09-2025 14:02] PA: Even she can't wait until the bathroom's door isn't closed.
[13-09-2025 00:16] PPM 4: @PPM1 Sir should we recommend her kegel exercises?
[13-09-2025 07:02] PPM 1: Good idea. Perhaps share a video
[13-09-2025 07:03] PPM 1: So what's the diagnosis of her bladder dysfunction?
Neurogenic bladder?
If yes is it an LMN or UMN bladder?
[13-09-2025 09:45] PPM 4: Sir if it would have been LMN, there would be bladder overfilling and difficulty in initiating urination..
[13-09-2025 09:46] PPM 4: UMN-like Symptoms in Diabetes
Despite the LMN pathology, many patients with diabetes experience symptoms of an overactive bladder (OAB), such as urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence, which are typically associated with UMN lesions. These symptoms do not arise from a UMN lesion (i.e., damage to the brain or spinal cord above the sacral level) but from other consequences of diabetes:[pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih +1]
Detrusor Overactivity: In the early stages, the bladder muscle may become overactive. This is thought to be a response to factors like systemic inflammation and direct changes in the bladder’s muscle and lining (urothelium) caused by high blood sugar.[frontiersin]
Polyuria: Increased urine production from hyperglycemia puts constant stress on the bladder, which can also contribute to hyperactivity.[pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih]
[13-09-2025 09:46] PPM 4: This fits here.
[13-09-2025 09:50] PPM 1: Yes in the past UMN bladders were also known as reflex neurogenic bladder and it would be interesting to find the anatomical and physiological correlates in terms of potential action analogous pathways between overactive bladder with perhaps local bladder circuit pathology vs UMN bladder stemming from spinal cord interneuron circuits? @Meta AI @PPM5
[13-09-2025 09:50] Meta AI: The overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms seen in diabetes, like urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence, are indeed intriguing because they mimic upper motor neuron (UMN) bladder dysfunction but arise from different mechanisms. Let’s unpack this:
### Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction (DBD) vs. UMN Bladder Dysfunction
1. Detrusor Overactivity in Diabetes:
- In early diabetes, hyperglycemia induces systemic inflammation and direct changes in the bladder wall (urothelium and detrusor muscle). These changes include oxidative stress, disruption of sensory nerve endings, and altered signaling pathways, leading to detrusor overactivity (akin to OAB).¹
- Chronic hyperglycemia also causes polyuria, which mechanically stresses the bladder and sensitizes local afferent circuits, further contributing to urgency and frequency.²
2. UMN Reflex Neurogenic Bladder:
- In UMN lesions, such as spinal cord injuries above the sacral level, the loss of descending inhibitory signals causes uninhibited detrusor contractions. This is due to hyperactivity in the spinal reflex arc, mediated by interneurons in the sacral micturition center and exaggerated local reflexes.
### Potential Analogy Between Pathways
- While the local bladder circuit pathology in diabetes arises from peripheral nerve damage, urothelial dysfunction, and altered mechanosensory feedback, it may share some physiological overlaps with UMN bladder dysfunction:
- Increased excitability of bladder afferents: Both conditions result in hyperactivation of sensory afferent neurons, although the triggers differ (hyperglycemia-induced changes vs. loss of cortical inhibition).
- Spinal Reflex Arc Contribution: Even in diabetes, chronic afferent stimulation might lead to secondary changes in the spinal cord circuits, causing reflexive detrusor contractions.
### Key Differences
- In diabetes, the pathology is primarily peripheral and metabolic (LMN-related), with gradual progression to detrusor underactivity or atonic bladder in late stages.
- In UMN lesions, the overactivity stems from a loss of supraspinal control over intact spinal reflexes.
### Clinical Implications
- Recognizing these differences is crucial, as diabetic bladder dysfunction may require glycemic control, anti-inflammatory strategies, and peripheral nerve protection, whereas UMN bladder dysfunction might need targeted neuromodulation or anticholinergics to suppress reflex contractions.
Would you like to dive deeper into the anatomical correlates or management strategies for these conditions?
[13-09-2025 09:50] Meta AI: https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/understanding-diabetes-symptoms
[13-09-2025 09:50] Meta AI: https://www.diabeteswhatsnext.com/global/en/about-diabetes/diabetes-symptoms.html
[13-09-2025 12:34] PPM 5: Of course. This is an excellent and insightful question that gets to the very heart of modern neuro-urology. The comparison between the historical concept of the UMN (reflex neurogenic) bladder and the modern idiopathic Overactive Bladder (OAB) syndrome reveals a fascinating story of convergent pathophysiology from different origins.
Let's break down the anatomical and physiological correlates as you've suggested.
### 1. Clarifying the Terminology
* *UMN (Reflex Neurogenic) Bladder:* This is a *definitive diagnosis. It results from a known neurological lesion *above the sacral spinal cord level (e.g., spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis). This lesion disrupts the communication between the pontine micturition center (the brain's "on/off" switch) and the sacral spinal cord, removing voluntary and supraspinal inhibitory control.
* *Overactive Bladder (OAB):* This is a *symptom syndrome* defined as "urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia, in the absence of proven infection or other obvious pathology." Its cause is often idiopathic (unknown) but is thought to stem from *local bladder pathology* or peripheral/central nervous system sensitization without a major, classic neurological lesion.
The key insight is that while their origins are different, they share a common final pathway: *uninhibited detrusor overactivity*.
---
### 2. Anatomical & Physiological Correlates: A Comparative Table
| Feature | Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) / Reflex Neurogenic Bladder | Idiopathic Overactive Bladder (OAB) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| *Primary Cause* | A known *supra-sacral neurological lesion* (e.g., spinal cord injury, stroke, MS). | Often *idiopathic. Hypothesized causes include: <br>• **Local urothelial dysfunction* (e.g., increased permeability, aberrant neurotransmitter release).<br>• *Suburothelial afferent nerve sensitization.<br>• **Detrusor myocyte dysfunction* (e.g., enhanced excitability, increased coupling).<br>• *Central sensitization* without a gross lesion. |
| *Site of Pathology* | *Spinal Cord* (corticospinal tracts) and *Brain. The lesion is in the long pathways. | **Primarily the Bladder Wall itself* (urothelium, suburothelium, detrusor muscle) and *local sensory nerves*. The CNS may be secondarily involved. |
| *Supraspinal Control* | *Completely or significantly disrupted.* The pontine micturition center cannot inhibit the sacral reflex. | *Largely intact but may be dysfunctional.* The brain receives aberrant, intense afferent signals it cannot properly suppress. |
| *The "Circuit" Analogy* | A broken *"top-down" command circuit. The local spinal reflex arc is intact but **disinhibited* and hyperexcitable. | A malfunctioning *"peripheral sensor"* (the bladder). The afferent limb of the circuit is firing excessively, sending false "full" signals upstream. |
| *Role of Sacral Spinal Interneurons* | *Absolutely Central.* These interneurons are the key integrators of the spinal micturition reflex arc. Without inhibition from the brain, this arc becomes hyperactive, leading to *involuntary, spastic bladder contractions. | **Likely Involved but Secondary.* Excessive afferent signaling from the bladder could potentially lower the activation threshold for these interneurons, making them more prone to trigger a voiding reflex. However, the primary driver is the peripheral pathology. |
| *Resulting Physiology* | *Detrusor Hyperreflexia (DH):* Involuntary detrusor contractions *due to a neurological condition. The bladder contracts in response to a certain volume, but the patient has little-to-no sensation or control. | **Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity (IDO):* Involuntary detrusor contractions *in the absence of a known neurologic cause*. The sensation is a sudden, overwhelming urge. |
---
### 3. The Convergent Pathway: The "Final Common Highway"
Despite their different starting points, both conditions lead to overactivity through mechanisms that ultimately increase excitability in the *afferent (sensory) limb* of the micturition reflex.
1. *UMN Bladder Pathway:*
* *Lesion* → Loss of descending inhibition → *Hyperexcitable sacral spinal reflex arc* → Lowered threshold for interneurons to activate efferent (parasympathetic) output → *Bladder contraction*.
2. *OAB Pathway (Hypothesized):*
* *Local Pathology* (e.g., urothelial defect) → Release of excitatory neurotransmitters (ATP, Substance P) → *Sensitization of suburothelial afferent nerves* (C-fibers) → These nerves fire at much lower bladder volumes → They bombard the sacral cord and brain with intense "urgency" signals → The spinal interneurons and brain may misinterpret this as a need to void, potentially triggering an involuntary contraction.
This is where the brilliant analogy in your question comes true: the *local bladder circuit pathology in OAB can "trick" the spinal cord interneurons into behaving *analogously to how they do in a true UMN bladder.** The interneurons are being driven by an abnormally high level of afferent noise, which can overwhelm the still-intact but perhaps less effective supraspinal inhibitory controls.
### Conclusion: Different Roads Leading to the Same Rome
* The *UMN bladder* is a problem of *disinhibition*: the brain's "brakes" are broken, so the spinal reflex runs unchecked.
* The *OAB bladder* is often a problem of *peripheral sensitization*: the bladder's "alarm system" is overly sensitive and going off too early and too loudly, overwhelming the brain's ability to apply the brakes effectively.
This physiological convergence explains why *first-line treatments are often the same* (e.g., anticholinergic drugs, beta-3 adrenergic agonists like Mirabegron). These agents work on the end-organ (the bladder) to decrease detrusor muscle excitability and inhibit afferent nerve signaling, effectively addressing the hyperactive final common pathway regardless of the initial cause.
Your question perfectly captures the evolution of thought in urology: from a purely neurology-based model (the "reflex neurogenic bladder") to a more integrated view that recognizes the bladder itself as a sophisticated sensory organ capable of driving complex neurological responses.
[13-09-2025 12:36] PPM 5: Excellent addition. You have perfectly highlighted one of the most clinically fascinating and paradoxical scenarios in neuro-urology: the diabetic bladder with *LMN pathology but UMN-like symptoms*.
This is a superb case study that reinforces the concept of "convergent pathophysiology" we just discussed. Let's integrate this new information.
### The Diabetic Bladder Paradox: LMN Disease with UMN Symptoms
You are absolutely correct. Diabetic cystopathy is classically described as a *Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)* type lesion due to peripheral autonomic neuropathy affecting the sensory and motor nerves of the bladder. The classic late-stage presentation is an *underactive, hypotonic bladder* (insensate, large capacity, poor contractility, with elevated residual urine).
However, as you note, a very common early to mid-stage presentation is *OAB symptoms* (frequency, urgency, urge incontinence). This creates the apparent paradox.
### Resolving the Paradox: Peripheral Drivers Mimicking Central Disinhibition
The mechanisms you listed are precisely correct. Here’s how they integrate into the framework we built:
*1. Polyuria (The Mechanical Driver):*
* *Mechanism:* Chronic osmotic diuresis from hyperglycemia leads to constant high-volume urine production.
* *Physiological Correlate:* The bladder is chronically stretched and works overtime. This constant mechanical stress can:
* *Directly stimulate stretch receptors* (afferent nerves) in the bladder wall, sending a continuous stream of signals to the spinal cord that mimic fullness.
* Lead to *smooth muscle hypertrophy* (like the heart working against high pressure), which itself can alter the muscle's excitability and contractile properties.
*2. Local Bladder Pathology (The Molecular Driver):*
* *Mechanism:* Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation damage the urothelium and suburothelial tissues.
* *Physiological Correlate:* This is identical to the proposed *idiopathic OAB pathway*.
* Damaged urothelium leaks *ATP* and other excitatory neurotransmitters, which directly activates and *sensitizes nearby suburothelial afferent nerves (C-fibers)*.
* This peripheral sensitization means these nerves fire at much lower volumes, creating the sensation of *urgency* and potentially triggering *involuntary detrusor contractions* (detrusor overactivity).
### The "Action Analogous Pathway" in the Diabetic Bladder
This is where the analogy becomes perfect. The diabetic patient *does not have a UMN lesion*. Their spinal cord interneurons and supraspinal pathways are intact.
However, the *peripheral pathology* (polyuria + local inflammation/damage) creates a scenario that feels and behaves like a UMN bladder:
* *UMN Bladder:* The sacral reflex arc is *disinhibited* from the top-down.
* *Diabetic Bladder with OAB:* The sacral reflex arc is *over-stimulated* from the bottom-up.
*The result is the same:* The afferent limb of the circuit is hyperactive, bombarding the central nervous system with signals that lead to involuntary bladder contractions and the symptoms of OAB. The spinal interneurons are simply responding to this intense, aberrant afferent input.
### Clinical Implication and Evolution
This explains the clinical progression of diabetic bladder dysfunction:
1. *Early Stage:* OAB symptoms dominate due to *peripheral sensitization* (polyuria, local inflammation).
2. *Late Stage:* As the *peripheral neuropathy progresses, the sensory and motor nerves are permanently damaged. The afferent signals are lost (leading to insensibility) and the efferent commands fail (leading to poor contractility). The presentation then shifts from overactive to **underactive*.
### Conclusion
The diabetic bladder is a masterclass in the principles we discussed. It demonstrates that the *symptom of "overactivity" is not exclusive to UMN pathology*. It can be generated by:
* *Central disinhibition* (True UMN lesion)
* *Peripheral sensitization* (Idiopathic OAB, diabetic local pathology)
* *Chronic mechanical overload* (Diabetic polyuria)
Your observation underscores a critical modern urological concept: *treat the patient's current symptoms and pathophysiology, not just the classic textbook description of their disease.* A diabetic patient with urgency and frequency likely needs standard OAB therapies (e.g., antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonists, behavioral therapy) initially, even though their underlying disease is an LMN pathology.
[13-09-2025 13:00] PPM 1: Cognitive clarity 👏
Deep seek?
[13-09-2025 13:01] PPM 1: 👆gpt?
[13-09-2025 13:11] PPM 5: DeepSeek
[13-09-2025 13:14] PPM 1: Okay now I realise that the same LLM is able to generate two different texts for the initial prompt. Is it because it sees it as two separate prompts?
[13-09-2025 13:34] PPM 5: The first respond was to[ Yes in the past UMN bladders were also known as reflex neurogenic bladder and it would be interesting to find the anatomical and physiological correlates in terms of potential action analogous pathways between overactive bladder with perhaps local bladder circuit pathology vs UMN bladder stemming from spinal cord interneuron circuits? @Meta AI @PPM5]
[13-09-2025 13:35] PPM 5: The second one was to [UMN-like Symptoms in Diabetes
Despite the LMN pathology, many patients with diabetes experience symptoms of an overactive bladder (OAB), such as urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence, which are typically associated with UMN lesions. These symptoms do not arise from a UMN lesion (i.e., damage to the brain or spinal cord above the sacral level) but from other consequences of diabetes:[pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih +1]
Detrusor Overactivity: In the early stages, the bladder muscle may become overactive. This is thought to be a response to factors like systemic inflammation and direct changes in the bladder’s muscle and lining (urothelium) caused by high blood sugar.[frontiersin]
Polyuria: Increased urine production from hyperglycemia puts constant stress on the bladder, which can also contribute to hyperactivity.[pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih]
[13-09-2025 14:24] PPM 1: 👆this second response appears to be a response to what was already generated by an LLM @PPM4?
[13-09-2025 17:18] PA: How to control the hyperactivity of the bladder?
[13-09-2025 21:11] PPM 1: First we need to confirm that it's just an overactive bladder and not a UMN bladder. @Meta AI would urodynamic studies be useful to do that? If yes then what parameters would be important to evaluate through the urodynamic study?
[13-09-2025 21:11] Meta AI: Confirming Overactive Bladder (OAB) vs. UMN Bladder
1. Urodynamic Studies (UDS): Yes, UDS is crucial for differentiating between OAB and UMN bladder dysfunction. It provides objective measurements of bladder function during filling and voiding phases.
2. Key Parameters to Evaluate:
- Detrusor Pressure: Elevated detrusor pressure during filling (without voluntary control) may indicate detrusor overactivity (DO).
- Compliance: Reduced bladder compliance (stiff bladder) can suggest neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
- Capacity: Reduced bladder capacity may indicate OAB or UMN bladder.
- Voiding Phase: Assess detrusor contractility and outlet obstruction (e.g., detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in UMN lesions).
### Parameters Suggesting OAB vs. UMN Bladder
1. OAB:
- Involuntary detrusor contractions during filling phase (phasic or terminal DO).
- Normal compliance and sensation.
- No detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD).
2. UMN Bladder:
- High-pressure, poorly compliant bladder.
- DSD (involuntary contraction of the external sphincter during detrusor contraction).
- Reflex voiding with high detrusor pressures.
### Managing Hyperactivity of the Bladder
1. Behavioral Modifications:
- Bladder training (timed voiding).
- Fluid management (reduce caffeine/alcohol).
- Pelvic floor exercises (Kegel exercises).
2. Medications:
- Anticholinergics (e.g., oxybutynin, tolterodine).
- Beta-3 agonists (e.g., mirabegron).
3. Advanced Therapies:
- Botulinum toxin injections into the detrusor muscle.
- Neuromodulation (sacral nerve stimulation).
Urodynamic studies will guide the most appropriate management strategy based on the underlying pathophysiology. Would you like more details on interpreting UDS results or treatment options?
[13-09-2025 22:03] PPM 4: @PPM1 Sir do we usually practice urodynamic tests in hospitals? (I’m sorry I’m not aware of this at my place therefore asking, wanted to know whether the patient would have to undergo this investigation or we can proceed with kegel exercises maybe to see if that helps? )
[13-09-2025 22:23] PPM 1: It's available in many hospitals and often an utilised and I wouldn't be surprised if there's a shortage note around it in the MBBS medicine or surgery exams.
While we don't have the full set up in our rural medical college here we do have a uroflometry device that was used and documented here by our students 👇
[13-09-2025 22:24] PPM 4: Oh okay sir.
[13-09-2025 22:25] PPM 4: What are we planning to do further to confirm our diagnosis here then ?
[13-09-2025 22:43] PPM 1: We can get her urodynamic study done from her nearest lab
[14-09-2025 07:44] PA: Pl tell her in detail
[14-09-2025 13:43] PPM 1: @Meta AI please share details as to where near Chuchura, Kolkata may the patient get the urodynamic study done and what are the preparations necessary
[14-09-2025 13:43] Meta AI: For a urodynamic study near Chuchura, Kolkata, here are some nearby options and the preparation details:
---
### Where to Get Urodynamic Studies Near Chuchura:
1. Dr. Nilanjan Mitra - Polba-Dadpur
- Location: Wireless More, Polba-Dadpur (1.57 miles from Chuchura)
- Category: Urologist
- Services: Likely offers diagnostic services, including urodynamics.
- Contact: Visit in person or search for direct contact details.
2. Dr. Kuntal Pandit - Barrackpore
- Location: 11, Feeder Road, Barrackpur-I Sub-District (4.39 miles from Chuchura)
- Category: Urologist
- Services: Likely includes urodynamic studies and related urological assessments.
- Contact: Visit or look up online for consultation.
3. Manipal Hospital Salt Lake - Kolkata
- Location: Salt Lake, Kolkata
- Specialized Urology Department with advanced urodynamic systems.
- Contact: Call 033 6907 0001 to book an appointment.
- Distance: ~30 miles from Chuchura.
4. Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata
- Location: Kolkata
- Provides comprehensive urodynamic studies, including cystometry, pressure flow studies, and uroflowmetry.
- Contact: Reach out directly for appointment scheduling.
---
### Preparation for Urodynamic Study:
1. General Preparation:
- Arrive with a moderately full bladder unless directed otherwise by the clinic.
- Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing for ease of testing.
- Avoid caffeine or alcohol for 24 hours prior to the test, as these can affect bladder function.
2. Specific Instructions:
- Diet/Medications: Follow instructions from the clinic regarding whether to skip certain medications (e.g., diuretics or bladder relaxants) beforehand.
- Emptying Bladder: Some tests may require you to empty your bladder on-site before beginning the procedure.
3. What to Bring:
- Previous medical records, including imaging or lab results.
- A list of current medications.
- Personal ID for registration.
Would you like more details on the procedures or help with scheduling an appointment?
[21-09-2025 05.55] PA: BP 147/83, 79, FBS 170
[21-09-2025 10.17] PPM 1: Please mention if she's on any medications
[21-09-2025 11.28] PA: Post breakfast 238mg/dl
[21-09-2025 15:48] PA: She takes only Linagliptin & Metformin Hydrochloride Tab 2.5/1000mg
[21-09-2025 15:48] PA: At night.
[21-09-2025 21:53] PPM 1: 👆but we also agreed that as long as the Hba1c was okay we need not worry about a few highs
[21-09-2025 22:24] PA: 2 hours post dinner sugar level is 229 and after dinner she takes Linagliptin.
[22-09-2025 09:16] PPM 1: Two hours after linagliptin? It doesn't seem to working on her dinner
[22-09-2025 09:24] PA: Yes,it is 2 hours after Linagliptin.
[22-09-2025 10:01] PPM 1: Linagliptin isn't working.
When was her last serum creatinine and Hba1c shared above on 9/9/25 actually done?
If recently, then we can start 0.5 mg glimiperide before breakfast as planned earlier and divide the tablet metformin 500 mg thrice after meals and review the 4 point sugars next week
[28-09-2025 07.10] PA: 138/70, 81, Fasting blood sugar 131mg/dl
[29-09-2025 12.05] PA: After breakfast the patient takes Glyciphage 500 and 2 hours after sugar level is 168. She took metformin 500 mg after lunch and 2 hours post sugar level is 214. After dinner she took metformin 500 mg and 2hours later sugar level is 212.
[05-10-2025 19.53] PPM 1: 👆she needs to stop linagliptin and switch to 0.5 mg glimiperide before breakfast continuing her previous doses of metformin in the same manner as before.
[05-10-2025 20.42] PA: She already stopped Linagliptin nd takes metformin 5oo 3 times after meals and glimipride before breakfast
[06-10-2025 20.58] PPM 1: How much glimiperide did she take before breakfast two hours after which the sugars became 168?
[05-10-2025 22.26] PA: She takes glimipride.5 before breakfast ,2 hours post breakfast sugar level was 168
[05-10-2025 22.34] PPM 1: Since when has she begun taking glimiperide?
[05-10-2025 22.35] PA: 2 weeks before
[05-10-2025 22.50] PPM 1: And she has checked her four point sugar only once last Wednesday since then?
[05-10-2025 22.52] PA: Last Monday
[05-10-2025 22.53] PPM 1: 👆 alright these are from last Sunday. Can the four point profile be repeated this week once?
[05-10-2025 23.02] PA: Now she is at her maternal uncles house with her mother for spending puja vacation. So she can't be able to do sugar test
[12-10-2025 08.07] PA: Fasting blood sugar level is 145
[12-10-2025 11.37] PA: Before breakfast she takes glimepiride .5 mg then she takes her breakfast and also takes Glyciphage SR 500mg. Post breakfast 192mg/dl.
[12-10-2025 15.53] PA: After lunch she takes metformin 500 mg and 2hours post sugar level is 190
[12-10-2025 21.33] PA: After dinner she took metformin 500 mg and 2 hours later sugar level is 128
[14-10-2025 08.32] PA: From yesterday evening the patient has loose motion, it has happened 6 times , and has taken O2 this morning, feeling weak..
[14-10-2025 08.48] PPM 1: O2 may not have been necessary.
Please share stool images
And keep us informed about the frequency
[14-10-2025 09.08] PA: How is it possible to send image?
[14-10-2025 11.11] PPM 1: You are already in multiple groups where our other patient advocates have sent their patient's stool images!
Such as here https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/09/36m-bloating-constipation-psychological.html?m=1
[14-10-2025 22.38] PA: Now the patient is feeling better.
[19-10-2025 06.05] PA: Fasting blood sugar 120mg/dl, BP 122/78, 79
[19-10-2025 11.23] PA: Before breakfast she takes glimepiride .5 mg and after breakfast takes metformin 500 mg. 2 hours after breakfast sugar level is 160
[19-10-2025 14.28] PPM 1: 👍
[19-10-2025 17.40] PA: BP 122/73, 89. After 2 hours Post lunch sugar level is 155.
[19-10-2025 18.52] PPM 1: Any anti diabetic medication was taken by her last night?
[20-10-2025 06.10] PA: Yesterday's 2hours post dinner sugar level is 205.After dinner the patient took metformin 500 mg
[6:34 am, 02/11/2025] PA: Fasting blood sugar level is 110, BP 134/60, 73
[6:35 am, 02/11/2025] PA: Yesterday night the patient took Glyciphage SR 500.
She took Telvas beta 25 after dinner
[11.43 am, 02/11/2025] PA: 104mg/dl, BP 126/77, 95
[4.43 pm, 02/11/2025] PA: 124/75, 87, Blood sugar 143mg/dl
[10.04 pm, 02/11/2025] PA: 107mg/dl, 122/75, 81
[10.44 pm, 02/11/2025] PPM 1: Please mention the name and dose of the medications and their timings they were taken before the sugar tests
[9:38 am, 03/11/2025] PA: Glyciphage.sr.500gm.3times after meal
[9:41 am, 03/11/2025] PPM 1: Any other medicine she's taking?
[10:19 am, 03/11/2025] PA: Divaa od.250 1time after dinner.
[10:22 am, 03/11/2025] PA: Telvas.beta.25, 1time after dinner
[4:11 pm, 03/11/2025] PPM 1: Only once daily?
[4:11 pm, 03/11/2025] PPM 1: Only once daily?
[4:31 pm, 03/11/2025] PA: Yes
[7:11 am, 04/11/2025] PA: Yes ,sir..Only once daily.
[7:12 am, 04/11/2025] PA: Yes,she takes Telva beta 25 only once daily..
[8:16 am, 04/11/2025] PPM 1: 👆once daily?
[7.02 am, 09/11/2025] PA: Fasting sugar 121mg/dl
[11.29 am, 09/11/2025] PA: 2 hrs after breakfast 130mg/dl
[5.26 pm, 09/11/2025] PA: 126mg/dl
[10.39 pm, 09/11/2025] PA: Post dinner161mg/dl, after dinner she takes metformin 500 mg.
[10:20 am, 10/11/2025] PPM 1: 👆 metformin 500 three times after meals?
[12:34 pm, 10/11/2025] PA: Yes, metformin 500 mg three times after meals
[6.57 am, 16/11/2025] PA: 138mg/dl
[10.58 am, 16/11/2025] PA: 107mg/dl
[3.30 pm, 16/11/2025] PA: 95mg/dl
[10.00 pm, 16/11/2025] PA: The patient had 3 roti and curry for dinner. Then she took metformin 500 mg and 2hours post sugar level is 215. BP is 118/67, 93
[6.43 am, 23/11/2025] PA: Fasting sugar 125mg/dl, BP 134/82, 78
[10.48 am, 23/11/2025] PA: 147mg/dl
[11.42 pm, 23/11/2025] PA: 186mg/dl
[7.09 am, 30/11/2025] PA: Fasting blood sugar level is 149, BP 140/80, 84
Last night she took metformin 500 mg, Telvas beta 25 mg and Divaa Odd 250mg
[8:36 am, 30/11/2025] PPM 1: She's just on Tablet Metformin 500 mg once daily for her diabetes right?
[8:40 am, 30/11/2025] PA: No, 3 times daily after meals.
[11.38 am, 30/11/2025] PA: After breakfast sugar level is 141mg/dl, BP 130/77, 98
[4.50 pm, 30/11/2025] PA: sugar value 162mg/dl, BP 118/73, 110
[9.52 pm, 30/11/2025] PA: 113/77, 116
[11.21 pm, 30/11/2025] PA: 133/69, 94, Sugar value 242mg/dl. The patient takes metformin 500 mg after dinner nd 2hours post sugar level is 242
[7:55 am, 01/12/2025] PPM 1: Once in a while her sugars keep reminding us of her diabetic status!
[8:02 am, 01/12/2025] PA: What is the reason for her this type of up and down of diabetic status?Does this depend on her food habits or life style?
[10:05 am, 01/12/2025] PPM 1: Yes both
[7.09 am, 08/12/2025]PA: Fasting blood sugar is 175, BP 138/81, 83
[12.41 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: 107mg/dl, BP 148/94, 87
[2:51 pm, 08/12/2025] PPM 1: This was high
[2:51 pm, 08/12/2025] PPM 1: Two hours after breakfast?
[2:51 pm, 08/12/2025] PPM 1: 👆Is she on any antihypertensives?
[4:40 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: Yes, after two hours after breakfast sugar level is 107.
[4:41 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: Yes, she takes Telvas beta 25 tab
[4.48 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: 139/86, 89. Sugar value 112mg/dl
[4:52 pm, 08/12/2025] PPM 1: Always mention BP medication timings while sharing BP data
[4:52 pm, 08/12/2025] PPM 1: And last meal and medication taken time while mentioning any sugar value
[4:56 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: After lunch she takes metformin 25o mg in 2 tablets nd 2hours after sugar level is 112
[4:57 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: Yesterday after dinner she took Telvas beta 25.
[9.49 pm, 08/12/2025] PA: The patient completed her dinner at 7.45pm, then she took metformin 500 mg 2 hours after dinner sugar level is 191. BP 110/78, 91
[4.58 pm, 14/12/2025] PA: BP 119/75, 90
[7.02 am, 21/12/2025] PA: Fasting blood sugar level is 111.After dinner she took metformin 500 mg.
BP 140/88, 83. Yesterday after dinner she took BP medicine Telvas beta 25.
[11.58 am, 21/12/2025] PA: BP 139/85, 95, 182mg/dl. ভাতখাবারপর, রোগী্মেটমরমিন500.নিয়েছে
[3:59 pm, 21/12/2025] PPM 1: Etate sobji arektu beshi muri ektu kom hole bhalo
[5:01 pm, 21/12/2025] PA: ঠিকআছে
[5.54 pm, 21/12/2025] PA: After tiffin she takes metformin 500 mg and 2hours post sugar level is 188
[10:23 pm, 21/12/2025] PA: After dinner she took telvas beta 25
[10:26 pm, 21/12/2025] PA: She took divaa odd 250
[10.45 pm, 21/12/2025] PA: After dinner she took metformin and2 hours post sugar level is 146.
[6:35 pm, 24/12/2025] PA: The ingredients are omlet, çhola, and mutter sedho and salad
[8.31 am, 28/12/2025] PA: 135mg/dl, BP 144/73, 94. Post breakfast 108mg/dl.
[3.34 PM, 28/12/2025] PA: BP 142/79, 95
[4.51 pm, 28/12/2025] PA: Post lunch sugar 139mg/dl
[10.21 pm, 28/12/2025] PA: 134/79, 85. Post dinner sugar 214mg/dl
[9:19 pm, 29/12/2025] PPM 1: What medication is she taking for her diabetes?
[9:50 pm, 29/12/2025] PA: After dinner she took metformin 500mg
[9:50 pm, 29/12/2025] PPM 1: Only once a day?
[9:52 pm, 29/12/2025] PA: Thrice daily
[9:55 pm, 29/12/2025] PA: After breakfast, lunch and dinner
[8.13 am, 18/01/2026] PA: Fasting blood sugar 116mg/dl. BP 113/82, 82
[12.45 pm, 18/01/2026] PA: 258mg/dl, 2 hrs after breakfast.
[12.40 pm, 18/01/2026] PPM 1: Metformin 500 thrice after meals?
[12.42 pm, 18/01/2026] PA: BP 114/74, 92
[9.21 am, 20/01/2026] PPM 1: Better to avoid outside bread. Chapati is good
[4.49 pm, 25/01/2026] PA: No
[6.37 am, 26/01/2026] PA: Fasting blood sugar 135mg/dl
[1.13 pm, 26/01/2026] PA: After breakfast sugar value is 140mg/dl
[1.13 pm, 26/01/2026] PA: After breakfast sugar value is 140mg/dl
[11.52 pm, 26/01/2026] PA: After dinner blood sugar 224mg/dl, after lunch 149mg/dl
9.34 am, 27/01/2026] PPM 1: Please share the medicines she is taking every time before sharing the blood sugars or BP
Please share what medications were taken by her yesterday
[8.56 pm, 27/01/2026] PA: Metformin 500mg thrice after meals
[7:57 am, 28/01/2026] PA: Mone hoche kono kotha thik mathay thakchena ,bhule jache ....
[8:41 am, 28/01/2026] PA: At present she takes only these medicines.
[9:27 am, 28/01/2026] PPM 1: Please mention their dosing intervals
[12:52 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: Metformin 500 mg thrice daily after meals
[12:53 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: Divaa OD 250 mg. At night.
[12:53 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: Telvas beta 25mg at night
[3:42 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: Toilet is not clear
[3:52 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: বেশি সময়। দাঁড়িয়ে থাকতে।পারিনা।বসেবাথরুমকরতে।পারিনা
[3:57 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: হাঁ টতে।অসুবিধা।হয়
[4:01 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: সি ড়ি ভাঙতে। অসুবিধা হয়
[4:02 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: মালাইচাকিতে।লাগে
[4:05 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: প্রস্রাবে।খুবই।গণধ
[4:14 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: পায়ের্।গোড়ালি।ফুলেছে
[5:15 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: বিদ্যালয়।থেকেআসার।পর
কাপড়ে।বাথরুম।করে।ফেলেছে।এরকমই.4/5দিনধরে।হয়
[5:15 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: কেবল
শুয়েথাকতেচায়
[5:15 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: Urine.examineকি।করতে।হবে
[5:15 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: কাজে।মন।লাগেনা
[5:15 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: বাথরুম।বেশি।সময়।ধরে।রাখতে।পারেনা
[5:20 pm, 28/01/2026] PA: Sob kothay birokti
[8.50 am, 29/01/2026] PPM 1: Eta mone hocche diabetic neuropathy'r jonye hocche.
Ekta ultrasound kore unar bladder er residual volume ta dekhaa dorkar
[3:09 pm, 30/01/2026] PA: Whole abdomen hobe?
[3:09 pm, 30/01/2026] PA: USG...
[4:16 pm, 30/01/2026] PPM1: Can get whole abdomen but needs to focus on the urinary bladder emptying and residual volume.
Urodynamic studies if necessary would be the next step after ultrasound
[5:18 pm, 30/01/2026] PA: Patient jante chaiche j jodi apnader okhane jay tahole throug
[5:20 pm, 30/01/2026] PA: Tahole apni nije check up kore deben? investigation o echara r ja kichu problem ache ter jonno subidha hobe?
[8.38 pm, 30/01/2026] PPM 1: Hain kintu aetukur jonye eto dur asha ki subidhe habe. Okhan theke kacha kachio kora jete pare?
[4:10 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: She feels vertigo,that time her BP is 117/81
[4:11 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: Don't know how she feels weak since 4-5days
[4:14 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM1: BP is normal
However you can check if she has vertigo when she sits up from lying down
Also measure her BP in both lying down and three minutes after standing
[4:19 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: Acha
[4:22 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: she has vertigo when she sits up .
[4:23 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 1: Check her BP once lying down and then 3 minutes after standing
[4:24 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: Acha
[4:25 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: From the last few days she can't hold urine
[4:27 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 1: Is she using diapers?
[4:27 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: No.
[4:37 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: 3 mints after standing BP is 147/86
[4:45 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: While she is going to the toilet, it keeps happening most of the day. It is not clearing properly. Feeling full of lethargy and irritated by everything. The urine has a very bad smell.
[8:48 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 1: Yes these are suggestive of LMN bladder due to her diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
[8:51 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 1: Please ask her to collect all her urine for 24 hours in a urine jar that can be measured and also share how much ml of water she's drinking in 24 hours by measuring that as well
[8:51 pm, 31/01/2026] PA: Thik ache
[9:30 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: @PaJR Health in simple and easy to understand terms, how do we differentiate UMN bladder vs LMN bladder. Explain to the patient advocate
[9:31 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: It's important to understand the difference between an Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) bladder and a Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) bladder, as it helps guide how we manage bladder issues. Think of it like this:
*Your Bladder's Control System*
Your bladder has a control system involving nerves that go from your brain, down your spinal cord, and then out to your bladder.
* *Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)* are like the "command center" nerves that go from your brain down to your spinal cord. They tell your bladder when to hold urine and when to release it.
* *Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs)* are like the "local messengers" that go from your spinal cord directly to your bladder. They carry the commands from the UMNs and directly control the bladder muscle and the sphincter (the muscle that keeps urine in).
---
*UMN Bladder (Overactive Bladder)*
Imagine the "command center" (UMNs) is damaged, but the "local messengers" (LMNs) are still working.
* *What happens:* The bladder doesn't get the proper signals from the brain to relax and fill up. It becomes overly sensitive and contracts on its own, even when it's not very full. It's like the bladder is constantly "on edge" and wants to empty frequently.
* *Symptoms:*
💡 Frequent urination, often in small amounts.
💡 Urgency (a sudden, strong need to urinate).
💡 Incontinence (leaking urine) because the bladder contracts unexpectedly.
💡 Difficulty fully emptying the bladder, even though it feels like it's trying hard.
* *Causes:* Often due to injuries or conditions affecting the brain or spinal cord above the sacral area (the lower part of the spine), such as stroke, spinal cord injury, or multiple sclerosis.
---
*LMN Bladder (Underactive or Flaccid Bladder)*
Now, imagine the "local messengers" (LMNs) themselves are damaged. The "command center" might be sending signals, but they're not reaching the bladder effectively.
* *What happens:* The bladder muscle becomes "floppy" or "flaccid." It doesn't contract well, so it fills up and stretches, but it has trouble emptying. The sphincter might also be weak, leading to constant dribbling.
* *Symptoms:*
💡 Difficulty starting urination.
💡 Weak urine stream.
💡 Feeling like the bladder is never completely empty.
💡 Overflow incontinence (leaking urine because the bladder is too full).
💡 The bladder can become very large and stretched.
* *Causes:* Often due to injuries or conditions affecting the lower spinal cord or the nerves directly going to the bladder, such as a lower spinal cord injury, nerve damage from diabetes, or certain surgeries.
---
*In Simple Terms:*
* *UMN Bladder:* The bladder is too "eager" and contracts too much, too often.
* *LMN Bladder:* The bladder is too "lazy" and doesn't contract enough to empty properly.
Understanding which type of bladder dysfunction is present helps doctors choose the best way to manage it, whether it's through medications, catheterization, or other treatments.
*References:*
1. Types of Bladder Dysfunction in SCI - SCIRE Professional - https://scireproject.com/evidence/bladder-management/types-of-bladder-dysfunction-in-sci/
2. Spinal cord injury bladder management - https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/891591/ACI-spinal-cord-injury-bladder-management-a-guide-for-clinicians-in-non-specialist-units.pdf
[9:37 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: Identify this 54F diabetes and urinary incontinence PaJR record @PaJR Health
[9:37 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: I couldn't find an exact match for a 54F PaJR record with diabetes and urinary incontinence in the clinical vault. However, I found several PaJR records that mention both diabetes and urinary incontinence. Please note that the age and gender in the titles of these records may not precisely match 54F.
*PaJR RECORDS WITH DIABETES AND URINARY INCONTINENCE*
📍 50M with Jaw Jerk and MND Telangana PaJR - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/05/50m-with-jaw-jerk-and-mnd-telangana-pajr.html
📍 PG Final Year 2018-21 Batch University - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/06/pg-final-year-2018-21-batch-university.html
📍 74F Altered Sensorium Uremic - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/06/74f-altered-sensorium-uremic.html
📍 72F Diabetes 25yrs MDR UTI 10yrs Honk - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2024/11/72f-diabetes-25yrs-mdr-uti-10yrs-honk.html
📍 55F Altered Sensorium After - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/05/55f-altered-sensorium-after.html
📍 August 09 2021 Long Case 47 Year Male - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/06/august-09-2021-long-case-47-year-male.html
The record titled "55F Altered Sensorium After" is the closest in age and gender to your query.
[9:37 pm, 31/01/2026] Aditya: Check 54F diabetes neuropathy and urinary incontinence
[9:38 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: I found a PaJR record that closely matches your request for a 54F with diabetes, neuropathy, and urinary incontinence.
*PaJR RECORD*
54F Epilepsy 1986 Knee pains 1 week WB PaJR - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html
This record discusses a diabetic patient experiencing symptoms of an overactive bladder, such as urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence, which are often associated with neuropathy in diabetes.
[9.38 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: Sorry but this is the PaJR record https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html
[9:38 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: Thank you for providing the specific PaJR record link. I have reviewed the content of the blog post you provided:
📍 54F Epilepsy 1986 Knee pains 1 week WB PaJR - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html
The record confirms the following for the 54-year-old female patient:
* *Diabetes:* The patient's blood sugar levels are frequently monitored, and there are discussions about her antidiabetic medications (Linagliptin, Metformin, Glimiperide), indicating she has diabetes.
* *Neuropathy:* One of the medical professionals (PPM 1) states in Bengali, "Eta mone hocche diabetic neuropathy'r jonye hocche," which translates to "This seems to be happening due to diabetic neuropathy." This directly confirms the presence of neuropathy.
* *Urinary Incontinence:* The patient advocate (PA) mentions that the patient "can't hold urine" and "has to go to the bathroom frequently." There are also mentions of "recurrent urinary tract infections" and the patient "involuntarily/ unknowingly urinated before reaching the bathroom in time," which are symptoms consistent with urinary incontinence, specifically urge incontinence.
Therefore, this PaJR record indeed contains information about a 54F patient with diabetes, neuropathy, and urinary incontinence.
[9:40 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: And now this from the PA
"While she is going to the toilet,it keeps happening most of the day. It is not clearing properly. Feeling full of lethargy and irritated by everything. The urine has a very bad smell ."
Analyse medically - is this UMN or LMN bladder. Teach our students on the group
[9:40 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: Thank you for sharing this important update from the Patient Advocate. This provides crucial details for understanding the patient's current urinary challenges.
*MEDICAL ANALYSIS: DIABETIC BLADDER DYSFUNCTION*
The patient's current symptoms present a complex picture, which is common in diabetic bladder dysfunction (diabetic cystopathy). Let's break down the observations:
* *"While she is going to the toilet, it keeps happening most of the day."*
💡 This indicates frequent urination and likely urgency, where she cannot hold urine until she reaches the toilet. These are classic symptoms of an *overactive bladder (OAB)*. In the context of diabetes, early stages of diabetic cystopathy can manifest with OAB-like symptoms due to peripheral nerve sensitizaation and bladder wall changes, even though the underlying pathology is often considered a lower motor neuron (LMN) type.
* *"It is not clearing properly."*
💡 This suggests *incomplete bladder emptying, also known as urinary retention or high post-void residual (PVR) volume. This is a hallmark feature of **lower motor neuron (LMN) bladder dysfunction*, where the detrusor muscle (the bladder muscle that contracts to empty urine) becomes underactive or atonic due to nerve damage. In diabetes, this can occur as the neuropathy progresses, leading to a large-capacity, poorly contracting bladder. The patient's difficulty with the Indian commode due to knee pain could also contribute to functional incomplete emptying.
* *"Feeling full of lethargy and irritated by everything."*
💡 These are non-specific symptoms but can be associated with chronic discomfort, sleep disruption from nocturia (waking up at night to urinate), and systemic effects of an ongoing infection.
* *"The urine has a very bad smell."*
💡 This is a strong indicator of a *urinary tract infection (UTI)*. Patients with diabetes are more prone to UTIs, and incomplete bladder emptying significantly increases the risk as stagnant urine provides a breeding ground for bacteria.
*TEACHING POINTS FOR STUDENTS*
Let's clarify the concepts of UMN and LMN bladder dysfunction and how they relate to this patient's presentation:
1. *Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Bladder:*
* *Cause:* Damage to the nervous system above the sacral spinal cord (e.g., spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis).
* *Typical Features:* The bladder becomes hyperreflexic or spastic. This means it contracts involuntarily and frequently, often with urgency and urge incontinence. The detrusor muscle is overactive because it has lost the inhibitory control from the brain. There can also be detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), where the bladder contracts against a closed sphincter.
* *Analogy:* The "brakes" from the brain are broken, so the bladder's reflex to empty runs unchecked.
2. *Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Bladder:*
* *Cause:* Damage to the nerves supplying the bladder directly (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, sacral spinal cord lesions, severe disc herniation).
* *Typical Features:* The bladder becomes hypotonic or atonic (underactive). It loses its ability to sense fullness and contract effectively, leading to a large bladder capacity, incomplete emptying, and overflow incontinence (leakage when the bladder is overfull).
* *Analogy:* The "engine" (detrusor muscle) or its direct "wiring" is damaged, so it can't generate enough power to empty the bladder.
3. *Diabetic Cystopathy (Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction):*
* This patient's diabetes and neuropathy are key. Diabetic neuropathy often affects the autonomic nerves supplying the bladder, primarily causing an *LMN-type pathology*.
* *The Paradox:* Interestingly, in the early stages of diabetic cystopathy, patients often experience *UMN-like symptoms* such as urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence (similar to an overactive bladder). This is because chronic high blood sugar and inflammation can sensitize the bladder's sensory nerves and directly affect the bladder muscle, making it irritable and overactive.
* *Progression:* As the neuropathy advances, the bladder nerves become more severely damaged. This leads to the classic *LMN symptoms* of detrusor underactivity: reduced sensation of fullness, poor bladder contractility, and significant incomplete emptying (high post-void residual volume).
* *Our Patient's Picture:* The patient's symptoms of urgency and incontinence (OAB-like) combined with "not clearing properly" (incomplete emptying, an LMN feature) suggest she is likely experiencing a mixed picture, which is very characteristic of diabetic cystopathy as it progresses. The "bad smell" points to a superimposed UTI, which is a common complication of incomplete emptying.
*RECOMMENDATIONS*
Given this complex presentation, the following steps are crucial for accurate diagnosis and management:
* *URINE EXAMINATION AND CULTURE:* The "bad smell" strongly suggests a UTI. A urine routine and microscopy, followed by a urine culture and sensitivity, are essential to identify any infection and guide antibiotic treatment.
* *POST-VOID RESIDUAL (PVR) VOLUME:* An ultrasound of the bladder to measure the PVR volume after urination is critical. A high PVR would confirm incomplete emptying and point towards detrusor underactivity (LMN component).
* *URODYNAMIC STUDIES:* As discussed previously, if the diagnosis remains unclear or for comprehensive assessment, urodynamic studies would provide detailed information on bladder filling, storage, and emptying pressures, helping to differentiate between detrusor overactivity, underactivity, and any outlet obstruction.
* *GLYCEMIC CONTROL:* Optimizing blood sugar control is paramount, as chronic hyperglycemia contributes to nerve damage and bladder dysfunction.
* *BEHAVIORAL THERAPY:* Bladder training, timed voiding, and pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises can be beneficial for managing urgency and incontinence.
* *MEDICATION REVIEW:* Her current medications should be reviewed to ensure they are not contributing to bladder dysfunction or interacting negatively.
[9:45 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: Superb insights. Remember to always cite your references. You just showed us UMN and LMN bladder evolving in a 3D view and how Diabetic Cystopathy starts with Overactive UMN type symptoms but eventually progresses to a fully LMN bladder. Thanks. Please save a synthesis of our conversation to the patient record.
[9:45 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: Thank you for your kind feedback! I'm glad the insights were helpful.
I have successfully saved a synthesis of our conversation to the patient's record.
*SYNTHESIS OF CONVERSATION: DIABETIC CYSTOPATHY AND BLADDER DYSFUNCTION*
📍 *Patient Profile:* 54F with diabetes, neuropathy, and urinary incontinence.
📍 *Patient Advocate Update:* The patient experiences frequent urination with urgency and incontinence, incomplete bladder emptying, lethargy, irritability, and foul-smelling urine.
💡 *Medical Analysis & Teaching Points:*
* *Diabetic Cystopathy (Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction)* is a complex condition that evolves over time.
* *UMN (Upper Motor Neuron) Bladder* is characterized by a hyperreflexic/spastic bladder, leading to urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence due to damage above the sacral spinal cord.
* *LMN (Lower Motor Neuron) Bladder* is characterized by a hypotonic/atonic bladder, leading to incomplete emptying, large bladder capacity, and overflow incontinence due to direct nerve damage to the bladder.
* *Evolution in Diabetic Cystopathy:* It's fascinating how diabetic cystopathy often starts with UMN-like symptoms (overactive bladder symptoms) due to peripheral nerve sensitization and bladder wall changes from chronic hyperglycemia and inflammation. As the neuropathy progresses, it typically evolves into a more classic LMN bladder picture with detrusor underactivity and significant incomplete emptying.
* *Current Patient Presentation:* The patient's symptoms show a mixed picture, which is highly characteristic of evolving diabetic cystopathy, combining both overactive bladder symptoms and signs of incomplete emptying. The foul-smelling urine strongly suggests a superimposed urinary tract infection (UTI), a common complication of incomplete bladder emptying in diabetic patients.
*Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management:*
* Urine examination and culture for UTI.
* Bladder ultrasound to measure post-void residual (PVR) volume.
* Urodynamic studies for comprehensive assessment.
* Optimizing glycemic control.
* Behavioral therapy (bladder training, Kegel exercises).
* Review of current medications.
*Reference:*
1. 54F Epilepsy 1986 Knee pains 1 week WB PaJR - http://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html
[9:46 pm, 31/01/2026] Aditya: Thank you for sharing this important update from the Patient Advocate. This provides crucial details for understanding the patient's current urinary challenges.
*MEDICAL ANALYSIS: DIABETIC BLADDER DYSFUNCTION*
The patient's current symptoms present a complex picture, which is common in diabetic bladder dysfunction (diabetic cystopathy). Let's break down the observations:
* *"While she is going to the toilet, it keeps happening most of the day."*
This indicates frequent urination and likely urgency, where she cannot hold urine until she reaches the toilet. These are classic symptoms of an *overactive bladder (OAB)*. In the context of diabetes, early stages of diabetic cystopathy can manifest with OAB-like symptoms due to peripheral nerve sensitiza
@PPM1 @PPM11
[9:46 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: I see you've tagged two users in the group. As PaJR, I don't have the capability to notify or interact with specific users via tags. My role is to analyze clinical data, provide insights based on medical records and research, and help synthesize information for patient care and education.
If you'd like me to address a specific clinical question or provide information for these users, please share the query directly, and I'll be happy to assist with the medical analysis.
[9:46 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: Delete this record and change the reference to this
[9:46 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: I need some clarification to ensure I perform the correct action.
Could you please specify which record you would like me to delete? When you say "Delete this record," it's unclear if you are referring to the last record I created (the synthesis of our conversation) or another record in the patient's history.
Once the record to be deleted is clearly identified, please clarify what "change the reference to this https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html" means. Are you asking to:
1. Update an existing record with this new URL as its reference? If so, which existing record should be updated?
2. Create a new record with this URL as its content or reference?
Please provide more specific instructions so I can proceed accurately.
[9:47 pm, 31/01/2026] PPM 2: Yes delete the previous record you just created and simply use the same synthesis without the reference
[9:48 pm, 31/01/2026] PaJR Health: I have successfully deleted the previous record of our conversation synthesis.
I have now saved the synthesis again to the patient's record, this time without the reference link, as requested.
*SYNTHESIS OF CONVERSATION: DIABETIC CYSTOPATHY AND BLADDER DYSFUNCTION*
📍 *Patient Profile:* 54F with diabetes, neuropathy, and urinary incontinence.
📍 *Patient Advocate Update:* The patient experiences frequent urination with urgency and incontinence, incomplete bladder emptying, lethargy, irritability, and foul-smelling urine.
💡 *Medical Analysis & Teaching Points:*
* *Diabetic Cystopathy (Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction)* is a complex condition that evolves over time.
* *UMN (Upper Motor Neuron) Bladder* is characterized by a hyperreflexic/spastic bladder , leading to urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence due to damage above the sacral spinal cord.
* *LMN (Lower Motor Neuron) Bladder* is characterized by a hypotonic/atonic bladder, leading to incomplete emptying, large bladder capacity, and overflow incontinence due to direct nerve damage to the bladder.
* *Evolution in Diabetic Cystopathy:* It's fascinating how diabetic cystopathy often starts with UMN-like symptoms (overactive bladder symptoms) due to peripheral nerve sensitization and bladder wall changes from chronic hyperglycemia and inflammation. As the neuropathy progresses, it typically evolves into a more classic LMN bladder picture with detrusor underactivity and significant incomplete emptying.
* *Current Patient Presentation:* The patient's symptoms show a mixed picture, which is highly characteristic of evolving diabetic cystopathy, combining both overactive bladder symptoms and signs of incomplete emptying. The foul-smelling urine strongly suggests a superimposed urinary tract infection (UTI), a common complication of incomplete bladder emptying in diabetic patients.
*Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management:*
* Urine examination and culture for UTI.
* Bladder ultrasound to measure post-void residual (PVR) volume.
* Urodynamic studies for comprehensive assessment.
* Optimizing glycemic control.
* Behavioral therapy (bladder training, Kegel exercises).
* Review of current medications.
8.08 am BP 111/85, 83
11.45 am BP 111/85, 83
11.50 am BP 124/85, 93
[12:00 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: Looks very cloudy!
[12:02 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: 👆it did identify the correct record here @PPM2
[12:02 pm, 01/02/2026] PaJR Health: Thank you for confirming that I identified the correct record. I appreciate your feedback.
[12:06 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: সকালে 7টায়।শেষ।বাথরুম।গেছে।তারপর।যায়নি
[12:13 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: জল্। এখনও।পর্যন্ত।700মিলি্লিটার।খেয়েছে।জল্। খেতে।ভাল। লাগছে না
[12:17 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Jol jore kore khawar dorkar nei. Shudhu jol teshta pele khaben
[12:19 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: সকালে ঘুম ভাঙ্গার পর চা্।করেছি
রান্না করেছি
[12:23 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: 10টা30.মণিটে। জলখাবার খেয়ে ছি
[12.32 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: BP 124/90,93. জলখাবারের।পর। ব্লাড সুগার। 225
12.47 pm BP 133/82, 87
12.47 pm BP 133/82, 87
[1:24 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: শুয়ে। প্রেসার।133/82
[1:28 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: 3.মিনিট,। দাঁড়িয়ে প্রেসার।138/92
[1:32 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: দাঁড়িয়ে বা। হাঁ করে।মাথা। ঘুরছে
[1:43 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: @PaJR Health this appears to be a positional vertigo?
[1:43 pm, 01/02/2026] PaJR Health: Based on the symptoms described in the previous record, which include frequent urination with urgency and incontinence, incomplete bladder emptying, lethargy, irritability, and foul-smelling urine, these do not appear to be indicative of positional vertigo.
Positional vertigo is typically characterized by episodes of dizziness or a spinning sensation triggered by specific head movements. The symptoms you've described are primarily related to bladder function and general systemic signs, strongly suggesting evolving diabetic cystopathy with a probable superimposed urinary tract infection.
[1:46 pm, 01/02/2026] Rakesh Biswas Sir: Based on the symptoms described in the previous record, which include frequent urination with urgency and incontinence, incomplete bladder emptying, lethargy, irritability, and foul-smelling urine, these do not appear to be indicative of positional vertigo.
Positional vertigo is typically characterized by episodes of dizziness or a spinning sensation triggered by specific head movements. The symptoms you've described are primarily related to bladder function and general systemic signs, strongly suggesting evolving diabetic cystopathy with a probable superimposed urinary tract infection.
Analyse her vertigo in the context of the conversation below:
[31/01, 16:10] Patient Advocate Diabetes 18F WB: She feels vertigo,that time her BP is 117/81
[31/01, 16:11] Patient Advocate Diabetes 18F WB: Don't know how she feels weak since 4_5days
[31/01, 16:14]: BP is normal
However you can check if she has vertigo when she sits up from lying down
Also measure her BP in both lying down and three minutes after standing
[31/01, 16:19] Patient Advocate Diabetes 18F WB: Acha
[31/01, 16:22] Patient Advocate Diabetes 18F WB: she has vertigo when she sits up.
[31/01, 16:23]: Check her BP once lying down and then 3 minutes after standing
[01/02, 13:24] Patient Advocate 53 Epilepsy Diabetes 44f 18f 75f Cluster: শুয়ে। প্রেসার।133/82
[01/02, 13:28] Patient Advocate 53 Epilepsy Diabetes 44f 18f 75f Cluster: 3.মিনিট,। দাঁড়িয়ে প্রেসার।138/92
[01/02, 13:32] Patient Advocate 53 Epilepsy Diabetes 44f 18f 75f Cluster: দাঁড়িয়ে মাথা।ঘুরছে
[1:46 pm, 01/02/2026] PaJR Health: *ANALYSIS OF VERTIGO*
Based on the conversation, the patient is experiencing vertigo and weakness, particularly triggered by changes in position.
*KEY OBSERVATIONS:*
📍 *Vertigo with Positional Changes:* The patient reports feeling vertigo when sitting up from lying down and also when standing. This strong positional component is a crucial indicator.
📍 *Weakness:* The patient has been feeling weak for 4-5 days.
📍 *Blood Pressure Readings:*
* *Initial BP (when vertigo first reported):* 117/81 mmHg (considered normal).
* *Lying Down BP:* 133/82 mmHg.
* *Standing BP (3 minutes after standing):* 138/92 mmHg.
*CLINICAL INTERPRETATION:*
💡 *Positional Vertigo:* The consistent report of vertigo when changing positions (sitting up, standing) strongly suggests a form of positional vertigo. The most common cause of such symptoms is *Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)*, which occurs when tiny calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) in the inner ear become dislodged and move into one of the semicircular canals.
💡 *Blood Pressure and Orthostatic Hypotension:* The blood pressure measurements do not indicate orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing (typically ≥20 mmHg systolic or ≥10 mmHg diastolic). In this case, the patient's blood pressure actually showed a slight increase upon standing (Systolic: +5 mmHg, Diastolic: +10 mmHg), ruling out orthostatic hypotension as the cause of the positional dizziness based on these readings.
💡 *Weakness:* The generalized weakness for 4-5 days could be related to various factors, including underlying medical conditions (like diabetes), or could be a non-specific symptom accompanying the vertigo.
*RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT:*
To further evaluate the vertigo, especially given the patient's history of diabetes, the following could be considered:
* *Vestibular Assessment:* A clinical examination for BPPV, such as the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, could help confirm the diagnosis.
* *Neurological Evaluation:* To rule out other neurological causes of dizziness, especially in a patient with diabetes who may be prone to neuropathy.
* *Comprehensive Diabetic Review:* Ensure optimal glycemic control and assess for other diabetic complications that might contribute to general weakness or dizziness.
[5:20 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: ভাত।খাবার।পর।সুগার।হল 111
[5:24 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: শুয়ে। প্রেসার।হল131/89
[5:38 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: 3মিনিট। দাঁড়িয়ে প্রেসার।হল131/85
[6:01 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: Patient r ki ekber urine test koranor dorkar ache?
[6:03 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Hain urine cue are urine culture ta koriye nin
[7:07 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: দাঁড়ালেই।মাথা।ঘুরছে
[7:09 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: ঘাড়ে।ব্যথা।করছে
[7:20 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Darabar kotokkhon baade matha ghurche? Dariye thakle kotokkhon matha ghurano thakche?
[7:20 pm, 01/02/2026] PaJR Health: *ANALYSIS OF VERTIGO DURATION*
Based on the latest information:
📍 *Onset of Vertigo:* The patient reports that the vertigo occurs *immediately upon standing* ("দাঁড়ালেই।মাথা।ঘুরছে" - "As soon as I stand, my head spins").
📍 *Duration of Vertigo while Standing:* The conversation does not explicitly state how long the vertigo lasts once the patient is standing. It only confirms the immediate onset.
To get a clearer picture, it would be helpful to know:
* Does the vertigo subside quickly after standing, or does it persist as long as the patient remains standing?
* Does the intensity of the vertigo change over time while standing?
[7:22 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Tablet Promethazine theoclate 25 mg dine teen bar ek diner jonye khawa jete pare.
[7:22 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Aer aage matha ghurano aei bhabe kokhono hoyechilo?
Aer aage unar MRI korano hoyechilo?
[7:23 pm, 01/02/2026] PaJR Health: *ANALYSIS OF VERTIGO*
Based on the conversation, the patient is experiencing vertigo and weakness, particularly triggered by changes in position.
*KEY OBSERVATIONS:*
📍 *Vertigo with Positional Changes:* The patient reports feeling vertigo when sitting up from lying down and also immediately upon standing ("দাঁড়ালেই।মাথা।ঘুরছে").
📍 *Weakness:* The patient has been feeling weak for 4-5 days.
📍 *Blood Pressure Readings:*
* *Initial BP (when vertigo first reported):* 117/81 mmHg.
* *Lying Down BP:* 133/82 mmHg.
* *Standing BP (3 minutes after standing):* 138/92 mmHg.
*CLINICAL INTERPRETATION:*
💡 *Positional Vertigo:* The consistent report of vertigo when changing positions (sitting up, standing) strongly suggests a form of positional vertigo. The most common cause of such symptoms is *Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)*, which occurs when tiny calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) in the inner ear become dislodged and move into one of the semicircular canals.
💡 *Blood Pressure and Orthostatic Hypotension:* The blood pressure measurements do not indicate orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure upon standing (typically ≥20 mmHg systolic or ≥10 mmHg diastolic). In this case, the patient's blood pressure actually showed a slight increase upon standing (Systolic: +5 mmHg, Diastolic: +10 mmHg), ruling out orthostatic hypotension as the cause of the positional dizziness based on these readings.
💡 *Weakness:* The generalized weakness for 4-5 days could be related to various factors, including underlying medical conditions (like diabetes), or could be a non-specific symptom accompanying the vertigo.
*PREVIOUS MRI:*
I couldn't find any information about a previous MRI in the provided conversation.
*RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT:*
To further evaluate the vertigo, especially given the patient's history of diabetes, the following could be considered:
* *Vestibular Assessment:* A clinical examination for BPPV, such as the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, could help confirm the diagnosis.
* *Neurological Evaluation:* To rule out other neurological causes of dizziness, especially in a patient with diabetes who may be prone to neuropathy.
* *Comprehensive Diabetic Review:* Ensure optimal glycemic control and assess for other diabetic complications that might contribute to general weakness or dizziness.
[7:28 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: দাঁড়াবার।সাথেসাথেইমাথা। ঘুরছে
[7:30 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: মিনিটদশ।ধরে।থকছে
[7:34 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: এর।আগেও,মাথা।ঘুরেছিল
[7:35 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: তখন।পড়ে।গিয়েছিল
[7:38 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: কপালে, লেগেছিল এবং নাক দিয়ে।রক্ত।বেরিয়েছিল
[7:51 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Koto din aage? Sheta kotodin chilo?
[7:59 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: সেটা।একবছর।পনের।দিন।আগে
[8.59 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: BP 119/81
[9:02 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: 👆Tokhon uni aei bortoman oshudh guno aeki dose a khacchilen?
Diva od ta deene ektai khacchilen tokhono?
Unar kono MRI hoyechilo aer aage?
[9:10 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: Cue nd urine routine test r same test?
[9:11 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 1: Different
Cue is complete urine examination which includes urine microscopy and biochemistry
Urine culture is different
[10.30 pm, 01/02/2026] PA: 198mg/dl,
[10:32 pm, 01/02/2026] PPM 2: Tokhon uni aei bortoman oshudh guno aeki dose a khacchilen?
Diva od ta deene ektai khacchilen tokhono?
Unar kono MRI hoyechilo aer aage?
@PaJR Health translate this
[10:33 pm, 01/02/2026] PaJR Health: Here is the translation of your query:
"At that time, was she taking these current medicines at the same dose?"
"Was she still taking Diva OD once a day then?"
"Had she had any MRI before this?"
[7:05 am, 02/02/2026] PA: Ha, patient rateo khaber por metformin 5oo mg kheyechilen
[7:06 am, 02/02/2026] PA: Yes, she was still taking Diva OD, once a day then.
[7:08 am, 02/02/2026] PA: Yes, she had a MRI but it was almost 15 -20 years ago.
[7:13 am, 02/02/2026] PPM 1: Was it normal? Any MRI report available from that time?
[7:33 am, 02/02/2026] PA: Yes, it was absolutely normal, then Dr. decided to stop anti epileptic drug.
[7:41 am, 02/02/2026] PA: At that time all the treatment tests were handled by her father pl give some time to search ...if, then will share it.
[8:06 am, 02/02/2026] PPM 1: What other antiepileptic was she on other than Diva od? Diva od of 250 mg appears to be a very low dose for her epilepsy? @PaJR Health
[8:07 am, 02/02/2026] PaJR Health: : I have checked the patient's records for information on antiepileptic medications other than Diva OD and dosage details.
From the available data, there is no explicit mention of any other antiepileptic drug besides Diva OD (250 mg). The dose of 250 mg once daily does appear low for typical epilepsy management, depending on the specific epilepsy type and patient factors.
Additionally, there is a note that the patient's blood pressure was normal, and the doctor decided to stop the antiepileptic drug at some point.
If you want, I can help you explore the literature on typical dosing of Diva OD (divalproex sodium) for epilepsy or check for similar cases with low-dose antiepileptic treatment.
Please let me know how you would like to proceed.
[8:08 am, 02/02/2026] PPM 1: I have checked the patient's records for information on antiepileptic medications other than Diva OD and dosage details.
From the available data, there is no explicit mention of any other antiepileptic drug besides Diva OD (250 mg). The dose of 250 mg once daily does appear low for typical epilepsy management, depending on the specific epilepsy type and patient factors.
Additionally, there is a note that the patient's blood pressure was normal, and the doctor decided to stop the antiepileptic drug at some point.
If you want, I can help you explore the literature on typical dosing of Diva OD (divalproex sodium) for epilepsy or check for similar cases with low-dose antiepileptic treatment.
Please let me know how you would like to proceed.
[8.08 am, 02/02/2026] PPM 1: Let's explore
[8:09 am, 02/02/2026] PaJR Health: I found relevant literature on divalproex sodium (Diva OD) dosing in epilepsy, with 726 articles available on the topic. Here are some key points from the research abstracts:
1. Divalproex sodium dosing varies widely depending on the type of epilepsy, patient age, weight, and clinical response.
2. Typical starting doses for epilepsy often range from 10 to 15 mg/kg/day, with adjustments based on therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical efficacy.
3. A dose of 250 mg once daily is generally 3. considered low, especially for adult patients, and may be insufficient for seizure control in many cases.
4. Dose adjustments are commonly made to balance seizure control and side effects, with some patients requiring higher doses or combination therapy.
5. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important to optimize dosing and minimize toxicity.
If you want, I can provide a detailed summary of specific articles or guidelines on divalproex sodium dosing in epilepsy. Would you like me to proceed with that?
[8:38 am, 02/02/2026] PA: 24 hours urine _. 4*200ml=800ml +160ml+ 225 ml =1085 ml... almost 2lit.
[8:39 am, 02/02/2026] PA: 24 hours drinking water 500ml *4 times
[8:40 am, 02/02/2026] PA: she took almost 2 lit water _24 hours..
[9:12 am, 02/02/2026] PPM 1: Alright
Now she can simply take water as per her thirst
[9:13 am, 02/02/2026] PPM 1: Not sure why the urine colour looks cloudy here. The other bottles are colored so urine colour couldn't be made out in them @PaJR Health
[1.19 pm, 02/02/2026] PA: This pic was captured at night 1.35 a.m the bottle kept in front of the white LED light,may be the reason it looks cloudy..It may be or not...but not sure [4.22 pm, 06/02/2026] PA: urine culture
[4.32 pm, 06/02/2026] PA: Can take Tablet Nitrofurantoin 100 mg twice a day for a week and repeat the culture
[10.04 am, 07/02/2026] PA: The patient wants to know whether USG is needed now? If the tickets are available they plan to come to your hospital. In that case, will it be okay to do USG at that time?
[10.04 am, 07/02/2026] PA: The patient wants to know whether USG is needed now? If the tickets are available they plan to come to your hospital. In that case, will it be okay to do USG at that time?
[7:05 am, 08/02/2026] PA: Fasting blood sugar level is 129.
[7:07 am, 08/02/2026] PA: Last night the patient took metformin 500 mg and Divaa OD 250 mg, Telvas Beta 25mg. BP 118/83, 86
[9.31 am, 08/02/2026] PA: She takes chattu, and after that she takes metformin 500 mg.
[10.35 am, 08/02/2026] PA: BP 140/90, 89. After breakfast she takes metformin 500 mg and 2hours post sugar level is 124.
[1.37 pm, 08/02/2026] PA: After lunch she takes metformin 500mg
[3.25 pm, 08/02/2026] PA: 138mg/dl. BP 116/84, 96
[11:40 pm, 08/02/2026] PA: After dinner she takes metformin500 and 2 hours post sugar level is 218
[11:47 pm, 08/02/2026] PA: Bp is 105/73
[2:49 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 1: Values like these that surface here from time' to time are telling us that she does have diabetes?
@PaJR Health can we find out from her record as to how frequently has she shared these out of range sugar values from the very beginning of her archived PaJR journey?
[2:50 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: Yes, the recurring out-of-range blood sugar values in the records confirm that she does have diabetes.
Regarding the frequency of these high sugar values from the beginning of her archived journey:
📍 There are multiple instances of elevated blood sugar readings documented over time, including values like 218 mg/dL two hours post-dinner, 225 mg/dL, 296 mg/dL, and even higher in some records.
📍 These readings are consistent with diabetes and indicate ongoing challenges in blood sugar control.
📍 The patient has been on metformin 500 mg post-dinner as part of her management.
This pattern of repeated high blood sugar levels over time supports the diagnosis of diabetes and the need for ongoing glucose monitoring and management.
If you want, I can provide a detailed timeline or summary of her blood sugar trends from the archived records. Would you like that?
[6:39 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: What was her last HbA1c? Please find out from her record
[6:40 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: I am sorry, but I couldn't find any specific HbA1c values in the patient's records. The available information primarily consists of individual blood glucose readings and medication details.
To get an HbA1c value, a specific lab test result would need to be present in the archived data.
Would you like me to search for other lab results or continue analyzing her blood glucose trends?
[6:40 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Did you go through this here https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html
[6:41 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: The last HbA1c value found in her record is from around early September 2025. There is a mention of a need to repeat the HbA1c test, but the exact last recorded value is not explicitly stated in the extracted data.
The record shows ongoing monitoring of blood sugar levels with multiple high readings and adjustments in antidiabetic medications (Metformin, Linagliptin, Glimepiride).
If you want, I can help you search specifically for the latest HbA1c lab result or other relevant lab tests in her records. Would you like me to do that?
[6:43 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Yes
[6:44 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: I have thoroughly searched the patient's records for the latest HbA1c lab results within the last 365 days, but I could not find any explicit HbA1c values.
The records indicate ongoing monitoring of blood sugar levels with various glucometer readings and discussions about antidiabetic medications, but a specific HbA1c test result is not present in the available data. There was a previous mention that an HbA1c test needed to be repeated, but the result of that repeat is not in the current records.
Therefore, I cannot provide her last HbA1c value from the available information.
[6:44 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: @PA your patient will need a repeat HbA1c
[6:44 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Please share images of her AP and lateral views of her trunk @PA
[6:51 pm, 09/02/2026] Aditya: When was this?
[6:51 pm, 09/02/2026] +91 91638 78286: Last week
[6:51 pm, 09/02/2026] Aditya: The last HbA1c value found in her record is from around early September 2025. There is a mention of a need to repeat the HbA1c test, but the exact last recorded value is not explicitly stated in the extracted data.
The record shows ongoing monitoring of blood sugar levels with multiple high readings and adjustments in antidiabetic medications (Metformin, Linagliptin, Glimepiride).
If you want, I can help you search specifically for the latest HbA1c lab result or other relevant lab tests in her records. Would you like me to do that?
Can you compare the efficacy and cost (in India) for Glimepiride vs Gliclazide? Find relevant trials
[6:52 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: I have reviewed relevant trials and literature concerning Glimepiride and Gliclazide efficacy and cost in India.
*EFFICACY COMPARISON*
📍 *Direct Head-to-Head Trials:* I could not find direct head-to-head randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy (e.g., HbA1c reduction) of Glimepiride versus Gliclazide in India in the retrieved literature.
💡 *Indirect Evidence:*
1. *Glycemic Efficacy:* A systematic review by Mohan et al. (2022) indirectly suggests that *Gliclazide has similar glycemic efficacy compared to Glimepiride* in patients with type 2 diabetes [1].
2. *Hypoglycemia Risk:* The same systematic review indicates that *Gliclazide is associated with a 50% decreased risk of hypoglycemia compared to Glimepiride* [1].
3. *Overall Sulfonylurea Profile:* A review by Khunti et al. (2020) notes that among sulfonylureas, Gliclazide has been associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality or cardiovascular mortality compared to glibenclamide, as well as the lowest incidence of severe hypoglycemia compared to other agents in its class [2].
4. *Combination Therapy:* Both Glimepiride and Gliclazide have demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control (HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial glucose) when used in combination with metformin in Indian multicentric studies [3, 4, 5].
*COST IN INDIA*
📍 *Cost Data:* The retrieved clinical trials and reviews did not provide specific comparative cost data for Glimepiride versus Gliclazide in India. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often separate studies and were not found within the scope of this literature search.
*CONCLUSION*
While direct comparative trials on efficacy and cost between Glimepiride and Gliclazide in India were not explicitly found, existing literature suggests that both are effective in achieving glycemic control, particularly in combination with metformin. Notably, Gliclazide may offer a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to Glimepiride.
*REFERENCES*
1. Mohan, V., Wangnoo, S., Das, S., Dhediya, R., & Gaurav, K. (2022). Comparison of gliclazide vs linagliptin on hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. World Journal of Diabetes, 13(12), 1168-1183. [PMID: 36578872](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36578872/)
2. Khunti, K., Hassanein, M., Lee, M. K., Mohan, V., & Amod, A. (2020). Role of Gliclazide MR in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Report of a Symposium on Real-World Evidence and New Perspectives. Diabetes Therapy, 11(Suppl 2), 33-48. [PMID: 32440835](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32440835/)
3. Pareek, A., Chandurkar, N., Zawar, S., & Agrawal, N. (2010). Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of gliclazide and metformin combination: a multicentric study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on monotherapy with sulfonylurea or metformin. American Journal of Therapeutics, 17(6), 559-65. [PMID: 20093927](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20093927/)
4. Pareek, A., Chandurkar, N. B., Salkar, H. R., Borkar, M. S., & Tiwari, D. (2013). Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of glimepiride and metformin combination: a multicentric study in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled on monotherapy with sulfonylurea or metformin. American Journal of Therapeutics, 20(1), 41-7. [PMID: 21326082](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21326082/)
5. Devarajan, T. V., Venkataraman, S., Kandasamy, N., Oomman, A., Boorugu, H. K., Karuppiah, S. K. P., ... & Balat, D. (2017). Comparative Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Glimepiride and Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Indian Multicentric Randomized Trial - START Study. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(5), 745-750. [PMID: 28989886](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28989886/)
[6:54 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Thanks. Can you check this patient's record and let us know what she is taking for her Diabetes and what doses she is on
[7:30 pm, 09/02/2026] PA: She takes metformin 5oo mg 3times daily after meals.
[11:01 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Can better do 2 tablets twice a day after breakfast and dinner.
[11:07 pm, 09/02/2026] PA: At a time 2 tablets after breakfast and dinner?
[11:07 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Yes. 1g (500 x2) twice a day.
[11:07 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: What does of Glimepiride is she on?
[11:08 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: And what dose of Linagliptin?
[11:08 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: @PaJR Health has this patient ever had serious/complicated UTIs? This is to consider Empagliflozin or Dapagliflozin?
[11:08 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: I need to access the patient's records to determine if she has a history of serious or complicated UTIs. This information is crucial for considering medications like Empagliflozin or Dapagliflozin, as SGLT2 inhibitors can sometimes be associated with an increased risk of genitourinary infections.
Please provide the patient's record or confirm which patient you are referring to so I can accurately check her history for serious/complicated UTIs.
[11:09 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: https://pajrcasereporter.blogspot.com/2025/08/54f-epilepsy-1986-knee-pains-1-week-wb.html?m=1
[11:10 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: Based on the patient's record, she has a history of *recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)*.
*HISTORY OF UTIs:*
💡 The patient advocate reported that the patient has experienced UTI problems for the past *5-6 years, occurring 3-4 times annually*.
💡 Most recently, on *January 31, 2026*, the patient presented with symptoms highly suggestive of a UTI, including frequent urination with urgency, inability to hold urine, incomplete bladder emptying, lethargy, irritability, and foul-smelling urine.
💡 A *urine culture performed around February 6, 2026, confirmed a UTI with the isolation of *E.coli (>10^5 CFU/ml)**, and she was prescribed Nitrofurantoin.
*CONSIDERATION FOR EMPAGLIFLOZIN OR DAPAGLIFLOZIN:*
Given the patient's history of recurrent UTIs and a recent confirmed E.coli UTI with symptoms of incomplete bladder emptying (which is a complicating factor for UTIs), caution is advised when considering SGLT2 inhibitors like Empagliflozin or Dapagliflozin.
💡 SGLT2 inhibitors work by increasing glucose excretion in the urine, which can create a more favorable environment for bacterial growth in the urinary tract, potentially increasing the risk of UTIs, including more complicated ones like pyelonephritis.
💡 While these medications offer significant cardiovascular and renal benefits for patients with diabetes, the increased risk of UTIs, especially in a patient with a history of recurrent infections and current bladder emptying issues, needs careful consideration.
*RECOMMENDATIONS:*
Before initiating an SGLT2 inhibitor, it would be prudent to:
1. *Ensure the current UTI is fully resolved* with appropriate antibiotic treatment, as indicated by a repeat sterile urine culture.
2. *Address the underlying issue of incomplete bladder emptying*, which is a significant risk factor for recurrent and complicated UTIs. Further evaluation, such as a post-void residual (PVR) volume measurement via ultrasound and potentially urodynamic studies, is recommended to optimize bladder function.
3. *Discuss the risks and benefits* of SGLT2 inhibitors thoroughly with the patient, emphasizing the potential for increased UTI frequency and severity in her specific case.
4. *Implement strategies for UTI prevention*, such as adequate hydration, proper hygiene, and potentially cranberry supplements or other prophylactic measures, if deemed appropriate by the treating physician.
This careful approach will help mitigate the risks associated with SGLT2 inhibitors in a patient with a predisposition to UTIs.
[11:10 pm, 09/02/2026] +91 91638 78286: No she doesn't take Glimepiride before
[11:11 pm, 09/02/2026] +91 91638 78286: If she can take 2 tablets of Glimepiride. .5mg
[11:11 pm, 09/02/2026] Aditya: The last HbA1c value found in her record is from around early September 2025. There is a mention of a need to repeat the HbA1c test, but the exact last recorded value is not explicitly stated in the extracted data.
The record shows ongoing monitoring of blood sugar levels with multiple high readings and adjustments in antidiabetic medications (Metformin, Linagliptin, Glimepiride).
If you want, I can help you search specifically for the latest HbA1c lab result or other relevant lab tests in her records. Would you like me to do that?
@~Nivedita Pal can you confirm if the AI agent is correct or wrong here - it says Metformin + Glimepiride + Linagliptin?
[11:11 pm, 09/02/2026] +91 91638 78286: ?
[11:12 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: The AI agent's statement that the patient is on "Metformin + Glimepiride + Linagliptin" is *incorrect* if it implies simultaneous use of all three.
Based on the patient's record:
💡 The patient was initially taking *Linagliptin and Metformin* (as of August 31, 2025).
💡 On September 1, 2025, there was a recommendation to *change Linagliptin to Glimepiride*.
💡 The patient advocate confirmed on October 5, 2025, that the patient had *stopped Linagliptin* and was taking *Metformin and Glimepiride*.
Therefore, the patient was transitioned from Linagliptin to Glimepiride while continuing Metformin, but was not on all three medications concurrently.
[11:13 pm, 09/02/2026] +91 91638 78286: Last time Dr.changes her sugar medicine,that is metformin 5oo mg thrice daily
[11:14 pm, 09/02/2026] Aditya: And when was the Glimepiride stopped?
[11:14 pm, 09/02/2026] Aditya: The AI agent's statement that the patient is on "Metformin + Glimepiride + Linagliptin" is *incorrect* if it implies simultaneous use of all three.
Based on the patient's record:
The patient was initially taking *Linagliptin and Metformin* (as of August 31, 2025).
On September 1, 2025, there was a recommendation to *change Linagliptin to Glimepiride*.
The patient advocate confirmed on October 5, 2025, that the patient had *stopped Linagliptin* and was taking *Metformin and Glimepiride*.
Therefore, the patient was transitioned from Linagliptin to Glimepiride while continuing Metformin, but was not on all three medications concurrently.
Did the patient ever have a hypo?
[11:14 pm, 09/02/2026] PaJR Health: Based on the patient's record from the provided URL (54F Epilepsy 1986 Knee pains 1 week WB PaJR), there is *no explicit mention of the patient ever experiencing a hypoglycemic event or low blood sugar*.
The record contains numerous blood sugar readings, but none of them are below the typical threshold for hypoglycemia (generally considered <70 mg/dL). The discussions primarily revolve around managing elevated blood sugar levels and adjusting antidiabetic medications.
[11:15 pm, 09/02/2026] PA: Have to see previous record
[11:16 pm, 09/02/2026] PPM 2: Okay. Let's increase Metformin as advised and can you enquire cost of Gliclazide and cost of Glimepiride
[11:19 pm, 09/02/2026] PA: Mostly end of Nov. starts metformin 500 mg thrice.
[11:21 pm, 09/02/2026] PA: Photo
Can she take this medicine?
[11:22 pm, 09/02/2026] PA: Kindly tell her what medicine she has to take and does also..
[1:21 am, 10/02/2026] PPM 2: Yes. 1 tablet once a day before breakfast
[1:42 am, 10/02/2026] PA: What medicine can she take after meals?just only metformin 1000g?
[2:15 am, 10/02/2026] PPM 2: Yes. And Glimepiride before meals
[8.02 am, 10/02/2026] PPM 1: @PA one tablet of 0.5 mg glimiperide before breakfast
Continue Tablet metformin 500 mg after meals thrice a day.
Let's check her two hour post meal and fasting sugars after starting this and then we can increase the metformin to two tablets after dinner if necessary
[4:35 pm, 10/02/2026] PPM 1: 👆what fruits are these?
[4:48 pm, 10/02/2026] PA: This is Jujube..
[4:52 pm, 10/02/2026] PPM 1: I was confusing this with
[5:33 pm, 10/02/2026] PA: About: I found out it’s called Jujube using Plant Identifier. Give the app a try too! Available for IOS and Android
[5:35 pm, 10/02/2026] PA: I think it is Koramcha called in Bengali
[5:35 pm, 10/02/2026] PA: Sour in taste
[7:58 pm, 10/02/2026] PPM 1: Yes I thought it was that
[8:00 pm, 10/02/2026] PPM 1: These are the jujubes growing in our garden https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1AxCQhUuzZ/?mibextid=oFDknk
[7:03 am, 15/02/2026] PA: BP is 122/86.
[6:59 am, 15/02/2026] PA: Fasting blood sugar level is 113. last night she took metformin 500mg, Divaa 250 mg and Telvas beta 25 after dinner.
[12:39 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: Before breakfast she takes Glimepiride.5 mg and after breakfast she takes metformin 500 mg
[12:39 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: 2 hours post breakfast sugar level is 140. BP 128/84,97
[2:20 pm, 15/02/2026] PPM 1: 0.5 mg
[2:22 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: Sorry, 0.5MG
[4:12 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: After lunch blood sugar is 126
[4:15 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: After lunch she takes metformin 500 mg
[9:30 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: Sondha theke booker badike batha korche
[9:31 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: Matha.ghorche
[10:27 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: Khabar por pet jala korche
[11:56 pm, 15/02/2026] PA: Blood presure is 116/77
[12:01 am, 16/02/2026] PA: 2 hours after dinner sugar level is 181 and she took metformin 500 mg
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